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Border problems Jawarlal Nehru 1st Prime Minister of India, 1947-1964. Advocated Industrialization. Promoted “Green Revolution”. Mixed Economy. Nonaligned Movement Non-Alignment Movement India’s “mixed economy” Mixed Economy: refers to private & govt. ownership Foreign aid and foreign investment are crucial. Urban areas have high-tech companies. Three quarters of the population are farmers living in small villages. India’s “Green Revolution” Introducing higheryielding varieties of seeds in 1965. Increased use of fertilizers & irrigation. GOAL make India selfsufficient in food grains. Indira Gandhi Nehru’s daughter. 1st women leader & Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984. Continues Nehru’s policies. Faced corruption charges & internal rebellion. Assassinated in 1984. Mrs. Gandhi assassinated! Rajiv Gandhi Indira’s son. Prime Minister of India, 1984-1989. Some reform of economy and government. Also faced rebellion. Assassinated in 1991 by suicide bomber while campaigning. Sonia Maino Gandhi 1968 Italian Sonia Maino married Rajiv 1983 becomes an Indian citizen 1984 is first lady when her husband, Rajiv Gandhi, succeeded his assassinated mother as Prime Minister. Sonia Gandhi remains Roman Catholic, but follows Hindu and Indian traditions. With her children, she scattered Rajiv's ashes in the Ganges. After Rajiv's death Sonia shied away from the spotlight. In 1998, she agreed to start her own career as a “Gandhi” again and became an important political leader. Sonia's son Rahul and daughter Priyanka have also become politically active. “The Jewel turns down the crown!” When her party won in the 2004 elections, she was asked to be Prime Minister. She decided not to accept the position. Manmohan Singh May 2004 he held up a letter from India's president authorizing him to form a new government as prime minister India Swears in 13th Prime Minister and the first Sikh in the job Current Prime Minister of India India’s economy today World’s 3rd largest economy by GDP World’s 9th largest economy (PPP) by GDP (Nominal) Fast growing economy one of the fastest growing economies in the world Foreign investment boosts economy telecommunication and information technology Top Business Sectors small car manufacturing, technology, and Bolywood Problems in india today Overpopulation 1 billion & climbing Hindu-Muslim tensions India v Pakistan Gender issues dowry killings Caste bias discrimination against castes Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons Political assassinations Is the dream gone? Ali Jinnah 1st Leader (GovernorGeneral) of independent Pakistan Dangerous combination Was not prepared to rule in 1948. Strong Islamic fundamentalism. Impoverished. Pakistan divides in 1972 W. Pakistan = Pakistan E. Pakistan = Bangladesh Division of Pakistan Pakistan divides in 1972 W. Pakistan = Pakistan E. Pakistan = Bangladesh Benazir Bhutto First Woman Prime Minister of Pakistan, 1988 Served two terms 1988-1990 1993 = faced corruption charges 1993-1996 2007 Returned to Pakistan to run for re-election but was assassinated Nawaz Sharif Nawaz Sharif Ousted three times. Struggle between modernizers and fundamentalists. Overthrown in bloodless military coup Gen. Pervez Musharaff led bloodless coup d'état ruled Pakistan as head of state 1999-2001 ruled Pakistan as president 2001-2008 Led a secular govt. Anti-Islamic fundamentalist U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.” resigned in 2008 facing impeachment Current Government Form: Parliamentary Republic Led by: Asif Ali Zardari Closest ally is China Maintains good relationship with Arab & Muslim world Ally w/U.S. but, strained due to recent mistrust Current Issues in Pakistan Economic development semi-industrialized but rapidly developing Political instability tribal and religious Hindu-Muslim tensions w/India Gender issues Muslim honor killings Terrorism relationship w/U.S. strained The Kashmir land dispute & nuclear weapons 1971 India-Pakistan War India-Pakistan Nuclear Arms Race 2002 Nuclear Statistics Kashmir Crisis Indian Soldiers Patrol the India-Pakistan Border in Pura, the Winter Capital of the State of Jammu & Kashmir - 1998 Indian Soldiers Near the Pakistani Border - 2001 A Pakistani Ranger at the IndianPakistani Joint Border Check Post in Wagha, India - 2001 Kashmiri Militants - 2003 Partners in the “War on Terror?”