Download 1Fiancial Market Research

Financial English
Unit 1:
Financial
Market Research
Unit 1:
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Overview of Unit 1
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Background information of Unit 1
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Text
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Exercises
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Assignment
Overview of Unit 1
本章旨在通过对金融市场以及金融市场中各个重要市场
概念的分析以及全球经济形势的简要介绍，对金融市场
现状进行了简要的总结概括。通过学习全文，应了解相
应的金融市场概念，并了解当今全球的经济局势。
本章重点难点
 金融市场基本概念
 金融市场内的重要市场
 全球经济状况分析
Overview of Unit 1
After learning this unit, you should acquire:
What is financial market
What are the important components of financial market
Some basic concepts of financial market
The global economic situation nowadays
Background Information
金融市场（Financial Market）是资金供应者和资金需者者双
方通过作用工具进行交易而融通资金的市场，广而言之，是
实现货币借贷和资金融通、办理各种票据和有价证券交易活
动的市场。
Background Information
一个完备的金融市场，应包括三个基本要素：（1）资金
供应者和资金需求者。包括政府、金融机构、企业事业单位、
居民、外商等等，即能向金融市场提供资金，也能从金融市
场筹措资金。这是金融市场得以形成和发展的一项基本因素。
（2）信用工具。这是借贷资本在金融市场上交易的对象。
如各种债券、股票、票据、可转让存单、借款合同、抵押契
约等，是金融市场上实现投资、融资活动必须依赖的标的。
（3）信用中介。这是指一些充当资金供求双方的中介人，
起着联系、媒介和代客买卖作用的机构，如银行、投资公司、
证券交易所、证券商和经纪人等。
Background Information
金融市场对于一国的经济发展具有多方面的功能：
①融通资金的“媒介器”。通过金融市场使资金供应者
和需求者在更大范围内自主地进行资金融通，把多渠道
的小额货币资金聚集成大额资金来源。②资金供求的
“调节器”。中央银行可以通过公开市场业务，调剂货
币供应量，有利于国家控制信贷规模，并有利于使市场
利率由资金供求关系决定，促进利率作用的发挥。③经
济发展的“润滑剂”。金融市场有利于促进地区间的资
金协作，有利于开展资金融通方面的竞争，提高资金使
用效益。
Background Information
资本市场（ capital market ） 亦称“长期金融市
场”、“长期资金市场”。期限在一年以上各种资金
借贷和证券交易的场所。资本市场上的交易对象是一
年以上的长期证券。因为在长期金融活动中，涉及资
金期限长、风险大，具有长期较稳定收入，类似于资
本投入，故称之为资本市场
Background Information
资本市场的参与者
资本市场的资金供应者为各金融机构，如商业银行、储
蓄银行、人寿保险公司、投资公司、信托公司等。
资金的需求者主要为国际金融机构、各国政府机构、工
商企业、房地产经营商以及向耐用消费零售商买进分期付
款合同的销售金融公司等。
Background Information
我国资本市场构成
（1）国债市场。这里所说的国债市场是指期限在一年
以上、以国家信用为保证的国库券、国家重点建设债券、
财政债券、基本建设债券、保值公债、特种国债的发行
与交易市场。
（2）股票市场。包括股票的发行市场和股票交易市场。
Background Information
（3）企业中长期债券市场。
（4）中长期放款市场，该市场的资金供应者主要是不动
产银行、动产银行；其资金投向主要是工商企业固定资产
更新、扩建和新建；资金借贷一般都需要以固定资产、土
地、建筑物等作为担保品。
Unit 1:
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Part I:
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Part II: 1.2 Analysis of Today’s Financial Markets
1.1 Financial Markets
Text :
Financial Market Research
1.1 Financial Markets
In economics, a financial market is a mechanism that allows
people to easily buy and sell (trade) financial securities (such as
stocks and bonds), commodities (such as precious metals or
agricultural goods), and other fungible items of value at low
transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient-market
hypothesis.
Text :
Financial markets have evolved significantly over several
hundred years and are undergoing constant innovation to improve
liquidity.
Text :
Both general markets (where many commodities are
traded) and specialized markets (where only one commodity is
traded) exist. Markets work by placing many interested buyers
and sellers in one "place", thus making it easier for them to
find each other. An economy which relies primarily on
interactions between buyers and sellers to allocate resources is
known as a market economy in contrast either to a command
economy or to a non-market economy such as a gift economy.
Text :
In finance, financial markets facilitate –
The raising of capital (in the capital markets);
The transfer of risk (in the derivatives markets);
International trade (in the currency markets)
– and are used to match those who want capital to those who
have it.
Text :
Typically a borrower issues a receipt to the lender
promising to pay back the capital. These receipts are securities
which may be freely bought or sold. In return for lending money
to the borrower, the lender will expect some compensation in the
form of interest or dividends.
Text :
DEFINITION
In economics, typically, the term market means the
aggregate of possible buyers and sellers of a thing and the
transactions between them.
Text :
The term "market" is sometimes used for what are more
strictly exchanges, organizations that facilitate the trade in
financial securities, e.g., a stock exchange or commodity
exchange. This may be a physical location (like the NYSE) or an
electronic system (like NASDAQ). Much trading of stocks takes
place on an exchange; still, corporate actions (merger, spinoff)
are outside an exchange, while any two companies or people, for
whatever reason, may agree to sell stock from the one to the other
without using an exchange.
Text :
Trading of currencies and bonds is largely on a bilateral
basis, although some bonds trade on a stock exchange, and
people are building electronic systems for these as well, similar
to stock exchanges.
Financial markets can be domestic or they can be
international.
Text :
TYPES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS
The financial markets can be divided into different subtypes:
Capital markets which consist of:
•Stock markets, which provide financing through the
issuance of shares or common stock, and enable the
subsequent trading thereof.
•Bond markets, which provide financing through the
issuance of bonds, and enable the subsequent trading
thereof.
Text :
Commodity markets, which facilitate the trading of
commodities.
Money markets, which provide short term debt financing and
investment.
Derivatives markets, which provide instruments for the
management of financial risk.
•Futures markets, which provide standardized forward
contracts for trading products at some future date.
Text :
Insurance markets, which facilitate the
redistribution of various risks.
Foreign exchange markets, which facilitate the
trading of foreign exchange.
The capital markets consist of primary markets and
secondary markets. Newly formed (issued) securities are bought or
sold in primary markets. Secondary markets allow investors to sell
securities that they hold or buy existing securities.
Text :
THE PURPOSE OF FINANCIAL MARKET
Without financial markets, borrowers would have difficulty
finding lenders themselves. Intermediaries such as banks help in
this process. Banks take deposits from those who have money to
save. They can then lend money from this pool of deposited money
to those who seek to borrow. Banks popularly lend money in the
form of loans and mortgages.
Text :
More complex transactions than a simple bank deposit require
markets where lenders and their agents can meet borrowers and
their agents, and where existing borrowing or lending commitments
can be sold on to other parties. A good example of a financial
market is a stock exchange. A company can raise money by selling
shares to investors and its existing shares can be bought or sold.
Text :
The following illustrates where financial markets fit in the
relationship between lenders and borrowers:
Lenders
Individuals
Many individuals are not aware that they are lenders, but
almost everybody does lend money in many ways. A person
lends money when he or she:
•puts money in a savings account at a bank;
•contributes to a pension plan;
•pays premiums to an insurance company;
•invests in government bonds; or
•invests in company shares.
Text :
Companies
Companies tend to be borrowers of capital. When companies
have surplus cash that is not needed for a short period of time,
they may seek to make money from their cash surplus by lending
it via short term markets called money markets.
There are a few companies that have very strong cash flows.
These companies tend to be lenders rather than borrowers. Such
companies may decide to return cash to lenders (e.g. via a share
buyback.) Alternatively, they may seek to make more money on
their cash by lending it (e.g. investing in bonds and stocks.)
Text :
Borrowers
Individuals borrow money via bankers' loans for short term
needs or longer term mortgages to help finance a house purchase.
Companies borrow money to aid short term or long term cash
flows. They also borrow to fund modernisation or future business
expansion.
Text :
Governments often find their spending requirements exceed
their tax revenues. To make up this difference, they need to borrow.
Governments also borrow on behalf of nationalised industries,
municipalities, local authorities and other public sector bodies.
Governments borrow by issuing bonds. Government debt
seems to be permanent. Indeed the debt seemingly expands rather
than being paid off. One strategy used by governments to reduce
the value of the debt is to influence inflation.
Text :
Municipalities and local authorities may borrow in their
own name as well as receiving funding from national
governments.
Public
Corporations
typically
include
nationalised
industries. These may include the postal services, railway
companies and utility companies.
Many borrowers have difficulty raising money locally
They need to borrow internationally with the aid of Foreign
exchange markets.
Text :
DERIVATIVE PRODUCTS
During the 1980s and 1990s, a major growth sector in
financial markets is the trade in so called derivative products, or
derivatives for short.
In the financial markets, stock prices, bond prices, currency
rates, interest rates and dividends go up and down, creating risk.
Derivative products are financial products which are used to
control risk or paradoxically exploit risk. It is also called
financial economics.
Text :
1.2 Analysis of Today’s Financial Markets--World
gripped by largest financial crisis in 100 years
Much effort has gone into the study of financial markets and
how prices vary with time. Charles Dow, one of the founders of
Dow Jones & Company and The Wall Street Journal, enunciated
a set of ideas on the subject which are now called Dow Theory.
This is the basis of the so-called technical analysis method of
attempting to predict future changes.
Text :
One of the tenets of "technical analysis" is that market trends
give an indication of the future, at least in the short term. The
claims of the technical analysts are disputed by many academics,
who claim that the evidence points rather to the random walk
hypothesis, which states that the next change is not correlated to
the last change.
Text :
The scale of changes in price over some unit of time is
called the volatility. The scale of change, or volatility, depends
on the length of the time unit to a power a bit more than 1/2.
Financial markets are merely tools. Like all tools they
have both beneficial and harmful uses. Overall, financial
markets are used by honest people. Otherwise, people would
turn away from them en masse. As in other walks of life, the
financial markets have their fair share of rogue elements.
Text :
Today’s financial crisis is described the current financial
crisis as an even that occurs once in 100 years. Indeed, the world
has not witnessed such a massive financial collapse for a very
long time already. The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers will
become the largest bankruptcy in the corporate history of the
United States. USA’s largest insurance company, AIG, also stands
on the brink of collapse. It’s also reported that the market remains
in a state of shock, being unable to realize and cope with all
consequences of the recent events.
Text :
The decision of the US financial authorities not to render
support to Lehman Brothers means that the state virtually
makes the investment and bank sector to deal with its
problems alone. Furthermore, the decision of the Federal
Reserve System to keep the interest rate on the level of 2% is
another proof of the fact that the authorities are not ready to
take the risks of the system.
Text :
It became known that the FRS intended to conduct currency
interventions to maintain the liquidity of the market. The FRS
decided to invest the additional $50 billion in the national financial
system. Market members were 100% certain that the interest rate
would be reduced, thinking that the two measures would logically
supplement each other. As it turns out , they thought it wrong .
Text :
The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the FRS decision
have aggravated the international crisis of liquidity even further.
The financial authorities of world’s largest countries took urgent
measures to hold multi-billion-dollar currency interventions on
their markets with a hope to avoid the crisis. Investors panicked
and started selling their shares, which made European and Asian
stock indexes drop by 2-5 percent.
Text :
It will obviously take long for the market to realize the
consequences of Lehman Brothers bankruptcy. The world
financial system will be different afterwards.
The Bank of Japan assigned $25 billion to maintain the
liquidity of the Japanese market. The government of the country
also held a special meeting with the participation of the chairman
of the nation’s central bank and ministers for economy and
finance. The meeting was held in connection with the
bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers.
Text :
The ministers decided to coordinate all further steps in the
financial field with the USA and the EU. The collapse of Lehman
Brothers will evince a restricted influence on the Japanese
financial market, although it does can affect the economy of
Japan on the whole in the future.
The stock indexes of Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea,
Taiwan and the Philippines dropped by over 4 percent.
Text :
The European Central Bank invested $70 billion euros, which
was 700 million euros more than the amount invested by the bank
on September 12, 2001 after the terrorist attacks in New York.
The Bank of England offered market members 20 billion
pounds, although the demand was evaluated at 60 billion.
Text :
The British FTSE dropped by 3.43 percent to 5025.60
points. The German index DAX Xetra 30 dropped by 1.57
percent to 5968.90. The French CAC 40 closed with a reduction
of 1.96 percent on the level of 4087.40. The composite
European index Dow Jones Stock 600 lost 2.64%, to 263.54
points.
Text :
The Finance Ministry of the Russian Federation will assign
the additional 350 billion rubles to maintain the liquidity of the
Russian market. The bankruptcy of the USA’s fourth largest
investment bank and the collapse of the US financial market
triggered a sudden reduction of Russian stocks too.
Text :
The prices of Russia’s liquid shares reduced by 8-30.6
percent. RTS and MICEX, Russia’s two major stock
exchanges, were forced to close the tender one hour ahead
of scheduled time. The RTS index dropped by 11.47%, to
1131.12. The MICEX index reduced by 17.45%, to 881.17
points .
Such a large financial collapse has not been happening
in Russia after the default of 1998.
Text :
Russia’s Finance Ministry will reportedly assign 350 billion
more rubles to maintain the liquidity on the home market. The
total sum of the financial support thus makes up 825 billion
rubles or 33 billion dollars, which is quite comparable with the
amount invested by the US Federal Reserve System.
Text :
Russian experts say that the economic potential of the nation
will let the country survive the financial crisis without
considerable losses. The Russian economy today is a lot bigger
than it used to be ten years ago. Most likely, Russia will
experience a depression during two or three years. Others say,
though, that the growing bubble of Russia’s prospering oil
economy will begin to deflate.
Text : Language Points
mechanism
n. An instrument or a process, physical or mental,
by which something is done or comes into being 机制
eg. planned economy and market mechanism
计划经济与市场机制
the price formation mechanism
改革价格形成机制
transmission mechanism of monetary policy
货币政策传导机制
Text : Language Points
security
n. A document indicating ownership or creditorship;
a stock certificate or bond.有价证券：标明所有权和债权的文件；
股票证书或证券
eg. listed security and unlisted security
上市证券与非上市证券
analysis of security quotation
证券行情分析
Text : Language Points
commodity
n. an article of trade or commerce, especially an
agricultural or mining product, that can be transported一种贸易或
商业物品。尤指农业或矿产品，能够运输
eg. links of commodity circulation
商品流通环节
process of commodity circulation
商品流通过程
commodity circulation within commercial sector
商业部门内部的商品流通
Text : Language Points
fungible
a. returnable or negotiable in kind or by substitution
可代替的
eg. Debt securities issued by the four statutory bodies or
government-owned corporations are fungible with Exchange Fund
paper.
由四家法定机构或政府持有公司发行的债务证券可以与外汇
基金票据及债券互换。
Text : Language Points
hypothesis
n. A tentative explanation that accounts for a set of
facts and can be tested by further investigation; a theory.前提：对
一系列事实进行说明的暂时解释，它能被进一步的调查检验；
一个理论
eg. a working definition, hypothesis, theory
暂定的定义、假设、理论
to assert as a hypothesis.
假设;假定作为一个假设提出
Text : Language Points
liquidity n. available cash or the capacity to obtain it on demand流
动性
eg. Hong Kong’s financial markets are characterized by a high
degree of liquidity.
香港金融市场的特色是资金流动性高。
These bonds are largely held by financial institutions for trading
and liquidity management purposes.
这些债券大部分由金融机构持有，以用作买卖及管理流动
资金的需要。
Text : Language Points
allocate
v. to distribute according to a plan; allot 分配，分派
eg. They will allocate fund for housing.
他们将拨出经费建房。
We allocate 10% of revenue to publicity.
我们拨出１０％的营业收用于广告宣传。
allocate of money for a particular purpose
为某一特别目的拨钱
Text : Language Points
gift economy
A gift economy is an economic system in which the
prevalent mode of exchange is for goods and services to be
given without explicit agreement upon a quid pro quo. Typically,
this occurs in a cultural context where there is an expectation
either of reciprocation—in the form of goods or services of
comparable value, or of political support, general loyalty, honor
to the giver, etc.—or of the gift being passed on in some other
manner. 礼品经济
Text : Language Points
facilitate
v. to make easy or easier帮助, 促进
eg. Tractors and other agricultural machines greatly facilitate
farming.
拖拉机及其它农业机械大大方便了农业耕作。
These systems aim to protect and facilitate legitimate trade.
这些制度旨在保障和利于正当工商业的经营。
Text : Language Points
dividend
n. 红利, 股息; 债息; 利息; 被分成几股的一笔资金
eg. A stock price ex dividend.
不包括股息的股票价格
These shares yield a dividend of 10%.
这些股票有一成的股利。
Text : Language Points
aggregate
v. constituting or amounting to a whole; total聚集,
集合, 合计
eg. The money collected will aggregate a thousand dollars.
进帐总额将达一千美元。
Text : Language Points
spinoff n. 将子公司股票分配给母公司股东
currency n. Money in any form when in actual use as a
medium of exchange, especially circulating paper money货币
Text : Language Points
bilateral
a. Affecting or undertaken by two sides equally;
binding on both parties双边的，双方的：由双方共同影响或
承担的；双方受约束的
eg. Among the 135 WTO members, 37 have requested for
bilateral talks with China.
在世贸组织135个成员中，有37个成员要求与中国进行双
边谈判。
Text : Language Points
intermediary n. acting as a mediator or an agent between persons
or things中间人; 媒介
eg. Conducts of intermediary institutions are being standardized to
better serve foreign invested enterprises.
规范中介机构的行为，引导中介机构更好地为外商投资企
业服务。
Text : Language Points
loan
n. a sum of money lent at interest.贷款：附利息借出的一
笔钱
eg. Do you accept loan, both private loan and government - to -
government loan?
你们是否接受私人或政府间贷款?
Text : Language Points
mortgage n. a loan of money which you get from a bank or a
building society in order to buy a house. 抵押
eg. to buy a house on mortgage/ to mortgage a house
按揭购房
lending policies of Mortgage Banks
抵押银行的借贷政策
Text : Language Points
premium
n. The amount paid or payable, often in installments,
for an insurance policy.保险费
eg. You can pay either an annual premium of 360 or twelve
monthly premium of 32.
你可一次性付360英镑的年度保险费，也可按月付，交12个
月的，每月付32英镑 。
Text : Language Points
tenet n. an opinion, doctrine, or principle held as being true by a
person or especially by an organization. 宗旨：一个人尤指一个组
织所坚信的信念、理念或原则
eg. We shall pay you an agency commission of 5% on tenet value
of all sale against order received through you.
我方愿以贵公司所接获订单纯利的5%作为付给贵方的代理
佣金 。
Text : Language Points
volatility n. something that is likely to change suddenly and
unexpectly. 短暂; 反复无常
eg. Volatility of capital flows can unsettle an otherwise perfectly
sound system, as we are vividly reminded by the recent turmoil in
the Asian currency markets.
资金流动不稳定的情况，可以把一个在其他方面完全稳健
的制度动摇，最近亚洲货币市场发生的风暴，就清楚提醒我们
这一点。
Text : Language Points
en masse
adv. in one group or body; all together全体地, 一同地
eg. Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori's Cabinet resigned en masse
Tuesday morning, formally opening the way for Mori to announce a
new Cabinet that will oversee a sweeping restructuring of Japan's
bureaucracy.
日本首相森喜朗的内阁周二上午进行总辞，为森喜朗宣布
新内阁名单正式开启了一条路。
Text : Language Points
share n. any of the equal parts into which the capital stock of a
corporation or company is divided. 股份：一个合作公司或公司的
股票资金被分成相等部分的任一份
eg. The company was formed with 200,0000 shares.
该公司由200万股组成。
Text : Language Points
deflate v. To reduce the amount or availability of (currency or
credit), effecting a decline in prices.紧缩：减少（通货或信贷）
的数额或可获得性，导致价格下降
eg. to deflate the self-importance of.
使…有自知之明
The unforgettable debate quip that can deflate a candidacy is
the worst nightmare of any presidential hopeful.
那些人们津津乐道的令候选人感到灰心丧气的讽刺挖苦，
对于任何有可能成为总统的人，都是一场噩梦。
Exercises
Paraphrase the following expressions or abbreviations and
translate them into Chinese
1. security
6. share
2. commodity
7. NASDAQ
3. liquidity
8. CEB
4. dividend
9. ADBC
5. spinoff
10. CBRC
Check-up
Check-up
Exercises-Keys
1. security: a document indicating ownership or creditorship;
a stock certificate or bond.有价证券：标明所有权和债权
的文件；股票证书或证券
2. commodity: an article of trade or commerce, especially an
agricultural or mining product, that can be transported一种
贸易或商业物品。尤指农业或矿产品，能够运输
3. liquidity: available cash or the capacity to obtain it on
demand流动性
4. dividend: 红利, 股息; 债息; 利息; 被分成几股的一笔资
金
5. spinoff: 将子公司股票分配给母公司股东
Exercises-Keys
6. share: any of the equal parts into which the capital stock of a
corporation or company is divided. 股份：一个合作公司或
公司的股票资金被分成相等部分的任一份
7. NASDAQ : National Association of Securities Dealers
Automated Quotations全美证券商协会自动报价系统
8. NYSE: = New York Stock Exchange 纽约证券交易所
9. FRS: = Federal Reserved System 联邦储备系统
10. EU : =European Union 欧盟
Exercises
Fill in the blanks with the proper words
concerned stock come up with
everyone economics
global
hand collapsed
avoided
show
Exercises
The ________ financial crisis, brewing for a while, really
started to ________ its effects in the middle of 2007 and into
2008. Around the world ________ markets have fallen, large
financial institutions have ________ or been bought out, and
governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to
________ rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.
Check-up
Exercises
On the one hand many people are ________ that those
responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed
out, while on the other ________, a global financial meltdown
will affect the livelihoods of almost ________ in an increasingly
inter-connected world. The problem could have been ________,
if ideologues supporting the current ________ models weren’t so
vocal, influential and inconsiderate of others’ viewpoints and
concerns.
Check-up
Exercises
The global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really
started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008.
Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial
institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and
governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come
up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.
Exercises
On the one hand many people are concerned that those
responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed
out, while on the other hand, a global financial meltdown will
affect the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly
inter-connected world. The problem could have been avoided, if
ideologues supporting the current economics models weren’t so
vocal, influential and inconsiderate of others’ viewpoints and
concerns.
Exercises
Topic for discussion
Facing the economic crisis,
what do you think is the best
investment strategy?
Assignments
1. Review the Text .
2. Keep in mind the special
terms learned in this Unit.
3. Do exercises in the book.