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Nominal GDP Vs Real GDP Krugman Section 3 Modules 10 and 15 GDP Reminder: GDP is a figure including every item produced in the economy. Money is the common denominator that allows us to add the total output. Nominal GDP Is the market value of all final g & s produced in a year. Calculated using current prices when the output was produced Includes inflation It is hard to compare market values from year to year when the value of the $ itself changes (inflation or deflation) To measure changes in the quantity of output, we need a “yardstick” that stays the same size. Real GDP The value of the final g & s produced in a given year expressed in the prices of a base year 2000 for our example Nominal Vs Real Traditional Method of Calculating GDPr This economy produces apples & oranges The base year is 2000. Since 2000 is the base year, real and nominal GDP are the same. Only during the base year, will the GDPr and GDPn be the same To find the GDPr in 2000, + the value of apples & oranges produced in 2000 using the table: GDP Data For 2000 Item Apples Oranges P $.50 $.25 Q 60 80 Value of apples = 60 apples X $.50 = $30 Value of oranges = 80 oranges X $.25 = $20 GDPr in 2000 = $30 + $20 = $50 To calculate GDPr in 2006, + the value of apples and oranges using the prices of 2000 GDP Data Item Apples Oranges For Q 160 220 2006 P $1.00 $2.00 Value of apples = 160 apples X $.50 = $80 Value of oranges = 220 oranges X $.25 = $55 GDPr in 2006 = $80 + $55 = $135 Nominal would be? $600 2 purposes of estimating Real GDP To compare the standard of living over time (based on quantity, not price) To compare the standard of living among countries Price Index A measure of the price of a specified collection of g & s (market basket) in a given year as compared to the price of an identical collection of g & s in a reference year. PI = price of market basket for a specific year X 100 price of same market basket in the base year Find GDPr = GDPn / PI X 100 GDP Deflator An average of current prices expressed as a percentage of base year prices. Measures the price level The average level of prices GDP deflator = (GDPn / GDPr) X 100 Example ($100 / $80) X 100 = GDP deflator 1.25 X 100= 125 Prices have gone up 25% GDPr and the Price Level Deflating the GDP Balloon GDPn increases because of production, GDPr will increase. GDPr and the Price Level Deflating the GDP Balloon GDPn also increases because prices rise. GDPr and the Price Level Deflating the GDP Balloon We use the GDP deflator to let the air out of the nominal GDP balloon and reveal GDPr. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) Index the gov’t uses to measure inflation Gov’t uses it to adjust SS benefits and income tax brackets Reports 300 items in a market basket Index or base year always = 100 Inflation A rise in the general level of prices Inflation rate = current CPI-Index CPI = rate (X 100)= % index CPI or Year2 – Year1 = rate (X 100) = % Year1 or YearAfter – YearBefore = rate (X 100) = % YearBefore