Download Politics of India

Politics of India
India
2nd most populous nation
• Population: over one billion
• Growing at 1.4% a year
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Population (July 2005 estimate)
1,400,000,000
1,200,000,000
1,000,000,000
800,000,000
600,000,000
400,000,000
200,000,000
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A nation of diversity: languages
• Constitution lists 14 official “principal
languages”
• English
• Hindi (30%)
A nation of diversity: religions
• Religions:
– Hindu (~80%)
– Muslim (~13%)
– others (e.g. Buddhist 0.7%)
• all major religions in the world are present
• one of the major causes of conflict
• religion can become a political vehicle for
social movement
Brief history
• One of the world’s
oldest civilizations
– 5,000 years
• foreign incursions
– Aryans, Arabs, Turks,
Portugal, France, and
Britain
– from 1,500 B.C. to 19th
Century A.D.
190 years of British colonial rule
• Informal colonial rule through the British
East India Company (1750s-1850s)
• formal colonial rule after the Mutiny
rebellion of 1857
British colonial rule
• economic impact
– trade structure
• colonial institutions
– state structure
Struggle for independence
• Indian National Congress was formed in
1885
• non-violent resistance to colonial rule
• Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
– transformed INC
– unity within diversity
– non-cooperation movement
• Nehru (1889-1964)
Independence & partition
• Division of the subcontinent (1947)
– India
– Pakistan
Independence & partition
• East Pakistan became Bangladesh in
1971
Republic of India
• Prime Minister Nehru (1947-1964)
• His daughter (Indira Gandhi) as Prime
Minister (1966-1977, 1980-1984)
Nehru’s legacies
• His grandson
– Rajiv Gandhi
– Prime Minister (1984-1989)
• His granddaughter-in-law
– Sonja Gandhi
– Congress party president
(1999 - )
World’s largest democracy
• Resilient democratic institutions,
processes, and legitimacy
– except 1975-1977
– Indira Gandhi declared national emergency
• politics in India is characterized by
– governments of precarious coalitions
– weakened political institutions
– political activism along ethnic lines
Turnout % in General Elections
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1952
1957
1962
Male
1967
1971
1977
1980
1984
Female
1989
1991
1996
1998
Total
1999
Economic development
• Under Prime Minister Nehru’s rule
– private property and government guidance
– powerful planning commission
– government rules and regulations
• opportunities and incentives for corruption
– self-sufficiency
• domestic sector was protected from foreign
competition
• protected industries became inefficient
Economic development
• The “green revolution” in agriculture
– new agricultural strategy in late 1960s
– seeds, fertilizer, and irrigation
– India became self-sufficient in food
Economic development
• state-led economic development
– government-planned private economy
– substantial industrial base
Economic liberalization
• Dissatisfaction with the relatively slow
economic growth
– dismantle controls over private sector
– further integrate into global economy
• Financial crisis in early 1990s
– emergency funds from IMF & World Bank
– conditional on economic liberalization
• reduce government budget deficit
• selling government shares in public enterprises
Foreign direct investment
4000000000
3500000000
3000000000
2500000000
2000000000
1500000000
1000000000
500000000
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Bangladesh
India
Pakistan
Economic liberalization
• Economic performance
– average growth rate of 6% since 1990
– reducing poverty by about 10 percentage
points
– purchasing power parity GDP: $2.66 trillion
Annual Growth Rate of GDP 1961 - 1999
12
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6
3
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India
Pakistan
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Economic liberalization
• India has large numbers of well-educated
people skilled in the English language
– India is a major exporter of software services
and software workers
Economic liberalization
• Government has also been considering
reducing workers’ legal protection
• unions and workers’ resistance and strikes
– oppose changes to labor laws and
privatization
Reduction of poverty
• percentage of people living in poverty has
been cut in half since 1947
• absolute number of poor people has been
rising
• very few welfare programs