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Latin American Economic Outlook 2011 How middle-class is Latin America? Jeff Dayton-Johnson Head, Americas Desk OECD Development Centre Washington DC, December 2010 Latin American Economic Outlook 2011 2 1 Macroeconomic Overview 2 Latin America’s “middle classes” Impact of the crisis on Latin America: SIGNIFICANT GDP growth in previous three years 2009 GDP growth 10 6 4 2 -6 -8 Source: OECD (2010), based on data from ECLAC and OECD. 3 Mexico OECD Venezuela Chile Costa Rica Brazil Colombia Ecuador -4 Peru -2 Argentina 0 Uruguay Annual growth percentage 8 Impact of the crisis on Latin America: BUT TRANSITORY Growth Forecast 10 8 Real GDP % 6 4 2 0 LAC ARG BRA CHL COL CRI 2009 2010 DOM MEX PER -2 -4 -6 -8 Source: 4 2011 OECD Economic Outlook, Dec 2010 (Chile, Brazil Mexico and OECD) Latin American Consensus Forecasts, Nov 2010 for other countries VEN OCDE Global recessionary shocks hit the region External commercial and financial shocks Net purchase of domestic assets by foreigners 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 -5000 -10000 2009 -15000 Exports purchasing power (% annual change) Note: Quarterly purchases of domestic assets cover only the three largest regional economies - Argentina, Brazil and Mexico for reasons of data availability. The points are plotted for the worst quarter in 12-month periods comprising the second and first halves of consecutive years. Source: OECD (2010), based on data from IMF and ECLAC. 5 The export channel determined the size of the shock Shock to exports and GDP slowdown 4 Dominican Rep. Uruguay GDP growth percentage 2009 2 Ecuador Colombia 0 -4 -2 Costa Rica 0 2 Brazil 4 6 8 Chile -2 Venezuela -4 Mexico -6 -8 Export impact on GDP growth Source: OECD (2010), based on datatfrom ECLAC. 6 Argentina Peru But the crisis was also propagated via the financial channel Foreign investors’ purchases and “unexplained” GDP growth 0 2009 GDP growth unexplained by exports -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Chile -2 Brazil -4 Argentina 450 Peru Colombia Mexico -6 -8 -10 Venezuela -12 net purchase of domestic liabilities by foreigners 2009 qIV-2010 qIII* Note: *Financial purchases are adjusted for the size of a “country’s economic possibilities” in the eye of foreign investors, a concept proxied by the volume of export growth in dollar terms in previous years. Source: OECD(2010), based on IFS-IMF data. 7 … which is correlated with hard-earned resilience Foreign investors’ purchases and fiscal policy resilience 5 Policy resilience index 2008* 4.5 Chile 4 Peru 3.5 Mexico Brazil 3 Colombia 2.5 Argentina Venezuela 2 1.5 1 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 net purchase of domestic liabilities by foreigners 2009 qIV-2010 qIII Note: *The Policy-Resilience Index is described in OECD (2009a). Policy Resilience Index calculated using 2008 data. Source: OECD (2009, 2010), and IMF-IFS data. 8 On the monetary side, policy achievements proved effective Interest rates Argentina Colombia Brazil Mexico Chile Peru 16 12 10 Inflationary expectations 8 6 4 Annualized percentage Apr-10 Jan-10 Oct-09 Jul-09 Apr-09 Jan-09 Oct-08 Jul-08 Apr-08 Jan-08 Oct-07 6.0 Jul-07 0 Apr-07 2 7.0 Jan-07 Brazil Chile Mexico Peru Colombia 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 9 May/10 Jan/10 Sep/09 May/09 Jan/09 Sep/08 May/08 Jan/08 Sep/07 Source: OECD (2009, 2010), based on data from central banks. May/07 0.0 Jan/07 Annualized percentage 14 On the fiscal side, an important gap remains … Output elasticity of total taxes Indirect taxes Social Security Contributions 0.5 Corporate Income Tax Personal Income Tax Percentage of GDP 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 CRI ARG BRA URU PER CHL COL MEX LA-8 KOR US SPA OECD Note: OECD unweighted average, excluding Chile and Mexico. Source: Daude, Melguizo and Neut (2010) for Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay, de Mello and Mocero (2006) for Brazil, and Girouard and André (2005) for the rest. 10 … although increased policy space yields its benefits 3 2.5 Budget Balance/GDP Debt/Exports EMBIG Spreads 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1982 2008 2009 1982 2008 2009 1982 2008 2009 1982 2008 2009 1982 2008 2009 1982 2008 2009 1982 2008 2009 1982 2008 2009 Argentina Brazil Chile Source: OECD (2009, 2010), from various sources. 11 Colombia Dominican Republic Mexico Peru Venezuela Latin American Economic Outlook 2011 12 1 Macroeconomic Overview 2 Latin America’s “middle classes” The “middle sectors” in Latin America Middle sectors: Proportion of the population earning between 50% and 150% of median income Source: Castellani and Parent (2010) , based on national household surveys. 13 Bolivia Colombia Argentina Affluent Ecuador Costa Rica Middle sectors Brazil Chile Mexico Uruguay Italy Disadvantaged Peru 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 The middle sectors and the poor Proportion of the population below the middle-sector cut-off, compared with moderate and extreme poverty rates 50 Moderate poverty headcount Percentage of total population 45 40 35 30 Disadvantaged 25 20 15 10 Extreme poverty headcount 5 0 Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Mexico Peru Dominican Rep. Source: OECD (2010), based on data from the SEDLAC database, accessed in August 2010. Notes: Poverty headcount figures refer to the number of individuals below the respective national poverty line, according to official statistics. The square refers to the percentage of disadvantaged population as per the 50-150 definition. 14 Possibilities of moving up… and down Indices of “mobility potential” Middle sectors size… 60 0.51 60 50 0.50 50 0.49 40 0.48 30 0.47 Potential to move up into the middle sectors Notes: DMP,RES and MSMP are defined in Box 1.2. Potential to fall down out of the middle sectors 10 0.42 0 Potential to move up out of the middle sectors Source: OECD (2010), based on 2006 National Household Surveys analysed in Castellani and Parent (2010). 15 Bolivia 0.43 Colombia Bolivia Colombia Argentina Ecuador 0 Costa… 0.44 Peru 0 Brazil 10 Chile 0.45 Mexico 10 20 0.44 Argentina 20 0.46 Uruguay Bolivia Colombia Argentina Ecuador Peru Brazil Chile Mexico Uruguay 0.00 Costa… 0.10 30 0.45 Ecuador 20 0.20 40 0.46 30 0.30 0.47 Costa… 0.40 60 50 Peru 40 0.50 0.48 Brazil 0.60 0.49 Chile 0.70 MSMP Middle sectors size (right axis) Middle sectors size… Mexico 0.80 RES Uruguay DMP What kind of work do middle-sector people do? Proportion of middle-sector population in various occupations 35 30 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing Manufacturing Wholesale, Hotels, Restaurants Construction, Transport, Communication Public administration, Education, Health 25 20 15 10 5 0 Argentina (urb)Uruguay (urb) Brazil Chile Costa Rica Source: OECD (2010) based on analysis of national household surveys in Castellani and Parent (2010). 16 Mexico Peru Middle-sector workers: mostly informal Middle-sector workers by employment category Formal employees Self Employed (with tertiary education completed) Non Agricultural Self-employed Non Agricultural Informal Employees Agricultural Self-employed Agricultural informal employees Percentage 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2002 BOL 2006 BRA 2006 CHL Note: Percentage of total middle sectors’ workers (0.5 – 1.5 median household adjusted income) Source: OECD (2010), based on household survey data. 17 2006 MEX Coverage improves with income – in the informal sector sector Pension coverage rate of workers by income category, formal and informal employment BOL 2002 BRA 2006 CHL 2006 MEX 2006 100 35 80 30 BOL 2002 BRA 2006 CHL 2006 MEX 2006 25 60 20 40 15 10 20 5 0 0 Disadvantaged Middle Sectors Workers with formal jobs Affluent Disadvantaged Workers with informal jobs Source: OECD (2010), based on national household surveys. 18 Middle Sectors Affluent Education as a tool for upward mobility: more can be done Probability of achieving a higher level of education than one’s parents, given parental educational achievement Women Men 0.9 0.8 Probability 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Illiterate Incomplete primary Complete primary Incomplete secondary Complete secondary Incomplete tertiary Parents’ level of education Source: OECD ( 2010), based on survey data from Latinobarómetro (2008). 19 Complete tertiary Equity and performance: No trade-off necessary PISA Science Score Social inclusion & PISA science test performance Note: Blue lines indicate OECD averages. Inclusion index measures proportion of variance of economic, social and cultural variance within schools. Source: OECD ( 2010), based on survey data from 2006 round of PISA 20 Middle sectors: players in a renewed social contract? Effective net receipt of benefits by household income deciles: weighted average, percentage of mean disposable income (TOP); percentage of decile mean disposable income (BOTTOM) CHILE MEXICO Taxes 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% -10.0% -20.0% -30.0% -40.0% -50.0% -60.0% -70.0% -80.0% -90.0% I II Social spending III IV V VI Net transfers VII VIII IX X 120% 120% 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% -20% -20% -40% Social spending Net transfers I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X -40% I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Source: OECD (2010), based on national household surveys. 21 Taxes 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% -50% -60% -70% -80% -90% Taxation and satisfaction with public services "Good Citizens pay their taxes" (percentage of respondents who agree) "Taxes are too high" (percentage of respondents who agree) 60 50 55 45 50 40 45 35 40 30 35 30 25 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Satisfaction with health services (percentage of respondents) "Tax evasion is never justified" (percentage of respondents who agree) Q5 Satisfied Not Satisfied No Access 37 35 100 33 80 31 60 29 40 20 27 - 25 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Source: OECD ( 2010), based on survey data from Latinobarómetro (2007-8). 22 Q4 Q5 Middle sectors: supporters of democracy, politically moderate Attitudes towards democracy Attitudes towards democracy (% support and satisfaction) Support for democracy Distribution of political preferences (0 extreme left, 1 extreme right) Q1 Satisfaction with functioning of democracy Q2-Q4 Q5 40.0% 80% 70% 35.0% 60% 30.0% 50% 25.0% Frequency 40% 30% 20.0% 15.0% 20% 10.0% 10% 0% 5.0% 1 2 3 Perceived Income Quintile 4 5 0.0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Left - Right self-reported preferences Source: OECD ( 2010), based on survey data from Latinobarómetro (2007-8). 23 7 8 9 10 The Outlook: Main Messages THE MACRO SITUATION • Latin America has withstood the global crisis better than other regions, thanks to a combination of external and internal factors MIDDLE SECTORS • The middle sectors in Latin America are economically vulnerable • Labour informality – and low social protection coverage – are particularly prevalent among the middle sectors • Education is a powerful motor of intergenerational social mobility: but one that isn’t working particularly well in Latin America • The middle sectors are disposed to pay taxes – if they receive public goods of reasonable quality in exchange. 24 The Outlook: Policy Recommendations THE MACRO SITUATION • Now is the time to further and better institutionalise good macro management practices MIDDLE SECTORS • Flexible social protection policies must be put in place to arrest downward social mobility and an increase in inequality • Early childhood education, as well as better quantity and quality of secondary education would bolster the role of human capital as a means of climbing the social ladder • Tax reform must be accompanied -- or preceded -- by improvements in the quality of public spending 25