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The Modern Era
1750-1914 CE
1
The Modern Revolution
Fossil
Fuels
Democratic
Politics
Communication
Revolution
2
World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE
3
World Population
But the
growth was
not equal
everywhere!
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Millions
1750
1850
1900
4
World Population of People of
European Descent in Europe, the
United States, and Canada combined.
Year
Population in % of World
Millions
Population
1750
141
19.3
1850
292
25.0
1900
482
30.0
For example, the population of European
descent in these three regions grew significantly
between 1750 and 1900.
5
Growth of the Population of
Boston
1690 - 7,000
158%
1790 - 18,038
3,010%
1900 - 560,892
6
Migration from Europe
from 1750 or earlier
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
7
Continuing Atlantic slave trade
after 1750
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
8
Labor migration from Asia
mainly after 1750
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
9
Major Global Migrations
Europeans overseas
including
Siberia
1820-1930
55-60,000,000
Africans to the
Americas
1811-1870
1,900,000
Asians overseas
1850-1920
2,500,000
10
But a growing
population
meant that
human need for
resources—for
energy—was
growing, too.
And humans
dealt with
this need by
using fossil
fuels. Watch!
11
Small wax candle,
800 BCE
5 watts
12
Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE
100,000 watts
13
The Modern Revolution
Fossil
Fuels
Democratic
Politics
Communication
Revolution
That’s in
the
Package!
14
The Fossil Fuel Revolution
The biological old regime
ends when vast new sources
of energy come into use:
Coal
Electricity
Gas
Petroleum
Nuclear
15
By taking
energy from
fossil fuels like
coal instead of
biomass like
wood…
16
and with
better and
better steam
engines to
harness coal’s
energy…
18
People could
produce more
efficiently.
Power loom weaving
Lancashire, 1835
19
In Britain coal
mines were close to
factories and cities.
In China coal mines
were far from
factories and cities.
How might history
have been different
if the closest
sources of coal
available to Britain
were, say, in the
Carpathian
Mountains of
southeastern
Europe?
20
And travel
more
quickly.
Robert Fulton’s
Clermont steamship
1807
22
And travel
more
quickly
George Stephenson’s
“Rocket” steam
locomotive
1829
23
The increasing
power of steam
engines in Big
Era Seven
24
The Industrial
Revolution
Fossil fuel energy in
production and
transportation
25
The Industrial
Revolution allowed
for new global
economic
relationships.
26
Russia
U.S.A.
Egypt
India
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Cotton exports from agrarian
economies to industrial
economies
27
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Textile exports from industrial
to agrarian economies
28
New economic ideas
• People should be
able to buy and
sell land freely.
• People should be
able to buy and
sell labor freely.
• People should be
able to buy and
sell goods freely.
Adam Smith argued
for ideas like these in
his book The Wealth
of Nations (1776).
29
New economic ideas
• People should be
able to buy and
sell land freely.
• People should be
able to buy and
sell labor freely.
But what did
governments
need to do to
make these
ideas work?
• People should be
able to buy and
sell goods freely.
30
Standardize
weights and
measures.
Build railroads,
ports, and
telegraphs.
Improve
public health.
31
Metric system
1790
Transcontinental
railroad
1869
Antiseptic
medicine
1867
32
Government
played a greater
role than
ever before in
people’s lives.
And while that
happened,
people’s ideas
about
government
changed, too!
33
New political ideas:
•People should be
free to choose their
government.
•Government
should protect
people’s liberties.
Tom Paine argued for
these ideas in
Common Sense
•People should
have equal rights.
(1775)
34
New political ideas
•A nation should be
free to choose its
government.
Sounds
democratic!
•Government
should protect
people’s liberties.
•People should
have equal rights.
35
The Modern Revolution
Fossil
Fuels
Democratic
Politics
Communication
Revolution
36
Governments
wrote
constitutions.
Governments
created
representative
institutions.
Governments
promoted
education.
37
United States
Constitution
1787
French National
Assembly
1789
Ottoman Turkish Regulations for
Public Education 1869
38
What happened if
governments
wouldn’t make
these changes
themselves?
39
United
States 1776
Haiti 1791
Change the
government!
The Atlantic
Revolutions
France
1789
Venezuela
1811
40
United
States 1776
Haiti 1791
In each
country,
people
struggled
over liberty,
equality, and
nationalism.
France
1789
Venezuela
1811
41
Ascendancy of
Liberalism
What was it in the
th
19 century?
42
Ascendancy of Liberalism
Are the political and economic tendencies in
these two boxes compatible or inconsistent?
• Rational thought and
behavior
• Civil freedoms and legal
equality
• Rule of law
• Constitutional and limited
government
• The right to vote and be
educated
• Technical and scientific
progress
• Free market economy
• Nationalism that
advances the community
of nations
• Enhancement of state
power and centralization
• Increased state military
and police power
• State-managed social
welfare
• More efficient taxation
• State economic
management
• Larger-scale economic
enterprise
• Imperial conquest and
authoritarian rule over
colonized
• Exclusivist or xenophobic
nationalism
43
Were these four 19th-century
leaders champions of Liberalism?
Mahmud II
1808-1839
Napoleon
Bonaparte
1799-1815
William
Gladstone
1868-94
Porfirio Díaz
1876-1911
44
So much
was
changing
so fast…
How could
people
keep up?
45
People moved more quickly.
Ideas moved more quickly.
46
The
Steamboat
Communication Railroad
Revolution
Transatlantic cable
Newspaper
47
The Speed Revolution
One hour of optimum travel:
Walking - 5 km
Horse-drawn coach - 10 km
Railway locomotive (1847) 96 km
Normannia steamship (1890)
- 40 km
French rapid train - 297 km
Jet plane - 1000 km
48
Railway Development in Europe
1840
1850
49
Railway Development in Europe
1880
50
Railway Construction in India
1853-1931
51
The Modern Revolution
Fossil
Fuels
Democratic
Politics
Communication
Revolution
52
The Modern Revolution meant
powerful economic growth in the
world as a whole.
$3,000,000.00
$2,500,000.00
$2,000,000.00
$1,500,000.00
$1,000,000.00
$500,000.00
$0.00
1700
1820
1870
1913
World Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) in Dollars
as valued in 1990
53
Powerful
, but not
equal.
The countries
which
modernized
first used it to
their
advantage.
54
The Modern Revolution shifted the
world’s economic center.
70
60
50
40
Eur./N.A
Asia
30
20
10
0
1700
1820
1870
1913
Percentage of World GDP
Western Europe and North America vs. Asia
55
After the Modern Revolution, much more
food went on the world market…
India, 1877
56
and it was often shipped to where
it got the highest price,
India, 1877
57
not to where it was needed most.
58
And industrial
technology
could be used
not only to
create, but to
destroy.
59
And more of the world was colonized
than ever before.
60
Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898
Sudanese dead, 10,000
British dead, 48
61
The European Moment
Land surface of the world
controlled by Europeans:
•1800
•1878
•1914
35%
67%
88%
But . . . duration of European world
domination in the past 2000 years:
80
yrs
62
Egypt
Russia
Some elites
around the
world tried to
adopt parts of
the Modern
Revolution to
strengthen
their own
governments.
Japan
Mexico
63
Modernize the
army.
Egypt
Modernize the
economy.
Japan
Maintain
independence.
Russia
Mexico
64
People who
traveled to learn
about one part of
the Modern
Revolution, like
fossil fuels,….
65
also learned about the
democratic part of the
Modern Revolution.
66
And they didn’t keep the ideas
to themselves. They
communicated them, because
it was all part of the package.
67
And powerful
elites who wanted
to modernize in
some ways did not
count on people
demanding the
democratic part of
the package.
68