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The Success Stories and its
Limits: The Concrete Case
Studies (3 lectures)
• - Russia/Soviet Union
• - Latin America in the Era of Catching
Up Industrialisation
• - East Asian Miracle: The Rise of the
New Industrial Pole
The empire model of modernisation
• Goals
• Means
• – maintenance of
military-political
power, ability to
defensive and
offensive war
• – modernisation of
army & the state
governance, selective
borrowings of the
advanced technologies and scientific
accomplishments
important for
militarisation
The Rise of Dualism in Russia
Army & military industry
resources
Exploitation of
country-side
Conservation of backwardness
as the main obstacle to further
modernisation
Alexander Pushkin on the internal
central-peripheral structure of Russia
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“Whatever for caprice of spending
ingenious London has been sending
across the Baltic in exchange
for wood and tallow; all the range
of useful objects that the curious
Parisian taste invents for one –
for friends of languor, or of fun,
or for the modishly luxurious –
all this, at eighteen years of age
adorned the sanctum of our sage.” (Eugene
Onegin)
GDP per capita in some countries of Latin America
and Europe (including Russia), 1870-1938
Countries
Absolute amount of GDP per capita,
measured by PPP (in dollars of 1990)
The ratio of countries’ GDP per capita to
the world average
1870
1900
1913
1929
1938
1870
1900
1913
1929
1938
France
1 858
2 849
3 452
4 666
4 424
2.02
2.18
2.17
2.47
2.30
Germany
1 913
3 134
3 833
4 335
5 126
2.08
2.40
2.41
2.30
2.67
United Kingdom
3 263
4 593
5 032
5 255
5 983
3.55
3.52
3.16
2.79
3.11
Russia/USSR
1 023
1 218
1 488
1 386
2 150
1.11
0.93
0.93
0.74
1.12
Argentina
1 311
2 756
3 797
4 367
4 072
1.43
2.11
2.39
2.32
2.12
Brazil
740
704
839
1 106
1 291
0.80
0.54
0.53
0.59
0.67
Chile
-
1 949
2 653
3 396
3 139
-
1.49
1.67
1.80
1.63
710
1 157
1 467
1 489
1 380
0.77
0.89
0.92
0.79
0.72
-
821
1 104
3 426
4 144
-
0.63
0.69
1.82
2.15
920
1 305
1 592
1 884
1 923
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Mexico
Venezuela
World in average *)
For comparison of Uruguay with
Denmark
• Dieter Sengaas. The European
Experience: A Historical Critique of
Development Theory. Leamington
Spa, Dover (N.H.): Berg Publishers,
1985 (1-st published in Frankfurt-amMain, 1982, in German)
The ratio of some Latin American and European countries’
(including Russia/USSR) GDP per capita to the world
average, 1929-1970
Countries
1929
1938
1950
1960
1970
France
2. 47
2. 30
2. 33
2. 55
2. 92
Germany/FRG
2. 30
2. 67
1. 91
2. 89
3. 03
United Kingdom
2. 79
3. 11
3. 14
2. 92
2. 70
Russia/USSR
0. 74
1. 12
1. 27
1. 34
1. 40
Argentina
2. 32
2. 12
2. 23
1. 90
1. 84
Brazil
0. 59
0. 67
0. 75
0. 80
0. 77
Chile
1. 80
1. 63
1. 71
1. 47
1. 32
Mexico
0. 79
0. 72
0. 93
0. 95
0. 95
Venezuela
1. 82
2. 15
3. 32
3. 32
2. 73
World
in average *)
1. 00
1. 00
1. 00
1. 00
1. 00
Limits of Import Substitution
Industrialisation to itself (Latin
America)
• 1) A shortage of material, financial, and
human resources;
• 2) Conservation of the internal centralperipheral structure;
• 3) Necessity to enlarge importation of
capital goods and to maintain the
traditional export;
• 4) Impossibility to redistribute national
income in extending degree