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150 100 150 45o 100 45o 0 90o 100 150 Y in million $ 100 Isosceles Equilibrium National Income: Keynesian Cross: Simplifying Assumptions: There is no Government Sector. There is no Foreign Sector. There is no Depriciation. GDP + Net Factor Payments from Abroad = GNP GNP - Depreciation = NNP NNP – Indirect Business Taxes = NI GDP = NI From Producers’ Side: Y = C + Ii + G + (X-M) In other words, the producers decide how much of the total production would be investment goods and how much would be consumption good. Y – Ii = Ci Intended Consumption Intended Investment From Consumer’s Side: Y=C+S Consumers’ decide how much of Y (income) they want to consume and how much they want to save. Consumer’s consumption is determined by the consumption function. Which is,C = a + bY From Consumer’s side, Y = C + S, where C = a + bY From Producer’s side, Y = Ci + Ii If, C = Ci then S = Ii The Economy will be in Macroequilibrium C = Ci C = Y - Ii Y = C + Ii Actual Investment (Ia): Investment spending that producers actually make --- that is, intended investment (Ii), plus unintended changes in inventories. Ia = Ii + in Inventory C a 0 Y Ii Ii 0 Y AE, C, Ii, S y1 c1 45o y1 y* Y When, yi < Ci < C * y Ii > S Ia < Ii This signals the economy to Expand AE, C, Ii, S y2 c2 45o y* y2 Y When, yi > Ci > C * y Ii < S Ia > Ii This signals the economy to Contract AE, C, Ii, S y* c* 45o y* Y 0 y* Y Ii 0 y* Y When, Ii > S This will happen when Ia < Ii Y increases and continues to increase until it reaches equilibrium, where, Ii = S. When, S > Ii This will happen when Ia > Ii Y falls and continues to fall until it reaches equilibrium where, Ii = S . Making of the Income Multiplier: Round Change in Ii Output 1 1000 Restringer 2 Income C S 1000 800 200 Waterbed 800 640 160 3 Computer 640 512 128 4 Violin 512 409.6 102.4 5 Auto Repair 409.6 327.7 81.9 6 Space Heater 327.7 262.2 65.5 Y= 1000 + 800 + 640 + 512 + 409.6 + 327.7 + ……………. Y= 1000 + (.8)(1000)+ (.8)(.8)(1000) + (.8)(.8)(.8)(1000) + …….. Y= 1000 + .8(1000) + (.8)2(1000) + (.8)3(1000) + ………. Y= 1000 + .8(1000) + (.8)2(1000) + (.8)3(1000) + ………. Sn = a + ra + r2a + r3a + ……….. Income Multiplier = $ Price Level 0 600 800 1000 Y 125 100 75 600 800 1000 Y $ 600 800 1000 Y Price Level 0 100 600 800 1000 Y The Paradox of Thrift: 30 S1 Ii 100 0 S2 650 800 The Paradox of Thrift: 30 S1 Ii 100 80 0 S2 500 800