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Name: ________________________ Holden – Global I (9th Grade) Date: Period: Eve of Exploration Introduction In the 1400s, Europeans began taking a greater interest in the Asian spice trade. European countries invested in explorers to make oceanic voyages of exploration. Benefitting from new technology, the Portuguese and the Spanish were the first to establish global trade empires in the 1500s. The Dutch, English, and French soon joined them, establishing colonies in Asia, the Americas, and Africa during the 1600s and 1700s. These interactions had a great global impact as food, people, plants, animals, technology, and diseases passed from continent to continent. 1. Which countries began to explore the world initially? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why would European countries want to explore and set up colonies in distant lands? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What items were transported around the world? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ The Dawning of a Global Age I. Background The resurgence of trade following the Middle Ages in Europe resulted in a ______________ ________________________________ ___________________ were established _________________________________________ _______________________________ to handle this need But, when the expansion of the _____________________________ caused disruption along these routes, Europeans were forced to seek _____________________________ these goods This led to the exploration of ________________________, and eventually the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans _______________________ take the lead – 1400s WHY THESE TWO COUNTRIES? Both countries had the _______________________________________ to support sea travel II. Portugal Prince ____________ the _____________ Gathered experts in science, cartography (mapmaking), & shipbuilding RESULTED IN _____________________________________ Technologies maps, magnetic compass, ______________, and ______________ on ships __________________________ 1448 – rounded the _____________________ – the southernmost tip of Africa __________________________ 1498 – followed __________________ around Africa Traveled across ___________________ to an Indian port Lost half of his ships on the journey but ____________________ by selling the goods he brought back to Europe ___________________________________________________ III. Spain _______________ & __________________ United Spain under __________________________ by expelling (kicking out) the Moors 1492 – Last Moorish stronghold at ___________ is defeated _______________ complete – the campaign to take Spain away from Muslim control and back into Christian hands ________________________ – Spain’s goals included converting heathens (non-Christians) to Christianity and getting rich Christopher Columbus Success of Portuguese inspired _________________________ of Spain to join in the quest for new trade routes Isabella also wants to __________________________ 1492 – Columbus convinces Isabella to finance his plan of ___________________________ ___________________________ Columbus sailed west for _____________ – hit land after _____________ and thought the land was India but it was actually ___________________________ Whose Land is it Anyway? Spain & Portugal both claim the lands explored by Columbus on his voyages ___________________________ steps up to settle the dispute RESULTS 1493 – __________________________ – divided the non-European world into 2 zones Spain gets all land _________ of the line & Portugal gets all land __________ of the line 1494 – ____________________ – Spain and Portugal agree to move the line of demarcation Name: ________________________ Holden – Global I (9th Grade) Date: Period: Imperialism in the Americas I. Europe Invades the “New World” Spain, France and England established territories in the Americas. France settled in Canada and established trading posts from Quebec to Louisiana. England settles the Jamestown colony in 1607 and the thirteen colonies later. France and England battled each other in French and Indian War for control over territories. Spain established colonies in Florida, southwest Mexico, and in South America. Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, arrived after Columbus. They settled on the islands of Hispaniola (present day Dominican Republic and Haiti), Cuba, and Puerto Rico. Conquistadors seized all gold ornaments worn by the Native Americans and forced them to dig for more gold. Meanwhile, a deadly but invisible invader was at work – disease. Europeans unknowingly carried diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza to which Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance. As a result, the Native American population of the Caribbean islands declined by as much as 90 percent in the 1500s. 1. What parts of the “New World” did France, England, and Spain colonize? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How did the conquistadors impact the Americas? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The What items were transported around the world? II. Conquistadors: Hernan Cortés vs. the Aztecs _____________________________________________________________________________________ Among the earliest conquistadors was Hernan Cortés. Cortés landed on the coast of _____________________________________________________________________________________ Mexico in 1519 with about 600 men, 16 horses, and a few canons. He headed inland to towards Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital. With the help of Native Americans who were upset with Aztec rule, he began his conquest of the Aztec empire. Using additional reinforcements from Spain, superior weapons, and a smallpox epidemic in Tenochtitlan, Cortés soon conquered the Aztecs. Francisco Pizarro vs. the Incas Ten years after Cortés had conquered the Aztecs, Francisco Pizarro, another Conquistador, followed in Cortés’ footsteps in South America. Pizarro landed in present day Peru with 180 men in 1531. The small group of Spaniards boldly marched into the capital of the Incan Empire and used ruthless and brutal violence and other tactics to conquer the Incas without losing a single Spaniard. Other Conquistadors followed Pizarro and Cortes including Juan Ponce de Leon, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, and Hernando de Soto. Although no other Conquistador found a civilization as large as the Aztec or Incan Empires, they helped to establish a Spanish Empire in the Americas that would have far reaching effects in their time and throughout history. 3. What reasons explain the rapid success of the Spanish conquistadors over Native Americans? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Think of a creative method to remember Cortés conquered the Aztecs and Pizarro conquered the Incas? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ III. 3. Spain Builds anwere Empire What items transported around the world? In the 1500s, Spain conquered a large amount of territories and built a vast empire from California to South _____________________________________________________________________________________ America. Spain was determined to maintain strict control of its empire. To achieve this goal, the king of Spain appointed _____________________________________________________________________________________ viceroys, or representatives who governed an area in their “New World” empire. The Economy To make the empire profitable, Spain controlled trade in the Americas. Colonists exported raw materials to Spain and could only buy Spanish manufactured goods. Spanish laws did not allow colonists to trade with other European nations. The most valuable resources shipped from Spanish American to Spain were silver and gold. Spanish monarchs set up the encomienda system. In the encomienda system, a colonist was given a certain amount of land known as plantations and a number of Native Americans to work the land for him. In exchange, the colonist was required to teach native workers about Christianity. The conquistadors used this system to force Native Americans to work in brutal conditions. Those who resisted were hunted down and killed. Disease, starvation, and cruel treatment caused catastrophic declines in the population. 5. Explain two methods Spain used to control its American empire? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Colonial Society and Culture Complete the social structure and briefly Spanish America, the mix of diverse peoples 3. WhatInitems were transported around the world? describe each class. gave rise to new a new social structure. The blending of _____________________________________________________________________________________ Native American, African, and European peoples and _____________________________________________________________________________________ traditions resulted in a new American culture. At the top of the colonial society were peninsulares, people born in Spain. The term peninsular refers to the Iberian Peninsula, on which Spain in located. Peninsulares filled the highest positions in both colonial governments and the Catholic Church. Next within the social hierarchy were the creoles, American-born descendants of two Spanish settlers or peninsulares. Creoles owned most of the plantations, ranches, and mines. Other social groups reflected the mixing of populations. They included mestizos, people of Native American and European descent, and mulattoes, people of African and European descent. Slaves, including Native Americans and people of African descent formed the lowest social classes. Primary Sources: Treatment of Native America