Download organic review

Molecules in biochemistry
• Biochemical molecules C, H, O, N, P, S
• Some trace elements example: Zn2+, Fe
Review of Organic Functional
Groups
Don’t panic, its organic!
Alkane
• single bonds
• nonpolar
• Key reaction: Combustion
• CH3-CH2-CH3 + 5 O2 ——> 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat
Alkenes: Contain double bonds
Cis-trans Isomers
Addition Reactions
R1
R3
C C
R2
+
R4
HX
R1
H
R3
C
C
R2
X
R4
Addition of water to alkene
Alcohol
• OH
• H-bonding
• Nucleophilicity: electron pair donor
Alcohols: Formation of Esters
Carboxylic acid + alcohol
----->
ester
+
water
Carbonyl
• aldehydes and ketones
O
R
O
H
R
R
• polarity of carbonyl
-O
C
+
Carbonyl reactions
• Nucleophilic and
electrophilic additions
• oxidation
O
R
O
ox
H
R
O
Carbonyl reactions
• Hemiacetal and hemiketal formation
– (seen in sugars)
O
R
OH
H
+
R'OH
R
alcohol
aldehyde
OR'
hemiacetal
O
R1
H
OH
R2
ketone
+
R'OH
alcohol
OR'
R2
hemiketal
R1
O
Carboxylic acids
R
OH
• Weak acids
O
R
O
OH
• H bonders
+
OHR
O
+
water
Carboxylic Acid reactions
• Esterification
• Amide formation
O
R
O
OH
+
R'
NH2
R
N
H
R'
+
water
H
Amines
N
R
• Basicity
H
H
R
N
H
• H-bonding
+
+
H
R
N
+
H
H
H
O
Esters
R'
R
• resonance
O
O
R'
R
O
<===>
• thioesters
O
R'
S
R
• phosphoesters
O
R
O
PO3
R
R'
O
O
Amides
O
R
• Planarity
O
N
R
O
R
<===>
R
H
N
H
• hydrolysis
O
R
N
H
R'
O
R
O
+
R'-NH2
R'
NHR'
Rings
• planarity
• hydrophobicity
O
N
N
N
N
N
3-D structure
• Stereoisomers
– Nonsuperimposable mirror images
Stereospecificity
• Binding sites are
specific to only one
stereoisomer
Reaction types
•
•
•
•
•
Redox
Rearrangements
Forming or Breaking C-C bonds
Condensation
Group Transfers
Redox
• Already discussed
Rearrangements
Forming or Breaking C-C bonds
Condensation
• Already Discussed
Group Transfers