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Active (functional)
protein
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Denatured protein
Enzyme Inhibition
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Enzyme Inhibitors: Competitive Inhibition
Example-Sulfa drugs (sulfonamides)
Discovered in the 1930s
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Figure 2.18
Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case
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Representative Biological Oxidation
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Figure 5.10
Glycolysis
 The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces
ATP (Substrate level phosphorylation)and NADH
2 Stages: See next 2 slides
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Figure 5.11
Preparatory Step Intermediate between
Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
 Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and
decarboyxlated
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Figure 5.13
The Krebs Cycle
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Figure 5.13
Chemiosmotic Generation of ATP
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Figure 5.16
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
 Aerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in
the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen
(O2).
 Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor
in the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less
energy than aerobic respiration because only part of
the Krebs cycles operates under anaerobic
conditions.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Electron Acceptor
Products
NO3–
NO2–, N2 + H2O
SO4–
H2S + H2O
CO32 –
CH4 + H2O
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Fermentation
 FERMENTATION Scientific definition:




Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
Does not use oxygen
Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC
Uses an organic molecule (pyruvic acid) as the final
electron acceptor to form ‘end-products’ (acids and
alcohols)
 2 ATPs netted
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Types of Fermentation
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Figure 5.19
Catabolism of Organic Food Molecules
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Figure 5.21
Photosynthesis
 Oxygenic:
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy 
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
 Anoxygenic:
6 CO2 + 12 H2S + Light energy 
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 12 S
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Metabolic Diversity among Organisms
Nutritional Type
Energy Source
Carbon Source
Example
Photoautotroph
Light
CO2
Oxygenic: Cyanobacteria
plants
Anoxygenic: Green,
purple bacteria
Photoheterotroph
Light
Organic
compounds
Green, purple nonsulfur
bacteria
Chemoautotroph
Chemical
CO2
Iron-oxidizing bacteria
Chemoheterotroph
Chemical
Organic
compounds
Fermentative bacteria
Animals, protozoa,
fungi, bacteria.
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Amphibolic Pathways
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Figure 5.33
Amphibolic Pathways
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Figure 5.33
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