Download Carbon & Functional Groups

Organic Chemistry:
Functional Groups
Nomenclature
Functional groups
• Functional groups are parts of molecules that result in
characteristic features
• Note the chemical and physical properties of a compound
e.g. properties such as boiling and melting point change
due to functional groups
• About 100 functional groups exist, we will focus on about
10
• Useful to group the infinite number of possible organic
compounds
Summary
Reference Table 1 p 93
Organic Halides
• Halogens attached to a carbon chain are named as
a side chain.
• The following prefixes are assigned
• F-flouro Cl- chloro Br-bromo I-iodo
• The location and number is identified
• E.g. 1,2-dichloro-ethane
• HW: Organic halides Q 1,2 p.33
Try Naming These
H
O
C
C
H
C
C
Cl
Cl
CH
Cl
H
C
C
CH
CH
CH
More practice
Br
4-bromo-7-methyl-2-nonene
Br
2,5-dibromo-6-chloro-1,3-cycloheptadiene
Br
Cl
CH3
H 3C
C
CH3
CH2 C
F
CH CH CH CH3
5-fluoro-7,7-dimethyl-2,4-octadiene
Alcohols
•
•
•
•
Alcohols contain polar hydroxyl groups
-OH
Named by using the ending –ol
The location is given e.g. 2-propanol
• HW: Alcohols: Q 1-3 p. 41
4C alcohols
OH
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2
1-butanol
OH
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
2-butanol
OH
CH3 CH CH2
CH3
1-isobutanol,
2-methyl-1-propanol
OH
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
2-isobutanol,
2-methyl-2-propanol
Ethers
• Contain a C-O-C
• Named by identify the carbon groups as
side chains
• E.g. methyl methyl ether
• HW: Ethers: Q 11 p 46
Ethers
H 3C
O
CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
methyl propyl ether
CH3O
CH CH3
isopropyl methyl ether
CH3
CH 3 CH 2O
CH 2 CH 3
diethyl ether
Aldehydes and Ketones
• Contain a carbonyl group C=O
• In aldehydes the C=O is located at the end
– Named by adding the ending –al
– E.g propanal
• In ketones the C=O is located in the middle
– Named by stating the location and adding the ending –one
– e.g. 2-propanone
• HW: Aldehydes & Ketones Q 1-3 p 51
Aldehydes
O
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH
butanal
O
CH3 CH CH
CH3
isobutanal,
2-methylpropanal
Ketones
O
CH3 CH2 C
CH3
2-butanone,
(butanone)
Carboxylic Acids
• Contains a carboxyl group
• The group is polar and can have a negative charge
• The hydrogen on the hydroxyl group can be
released to make the substance acidic
• Named with the ending oic acid
• HW: Carboxylic Acid Q 1&2 p 60
Carboxylic acids
O
butanoic acid
CH3 CH2CH2 C
OH
O
CH3 CH C
CH3 OH
isobutanoic acid,
2-methylpropanoic acid
Esters
• Esters form from a reaction between an alcohol
and a carboxylic acid
• Triglicerides contain the ester functional group
HW: Esters: Q 11-12 p 66
Esters
O
CH3 CH2 C
O
CH3
methyl propanoate
Esters
O
H3C
C
O
CH2 CH3
ethyl ethanoate
O
O
HC
O
CH2 CH2 CH3
propyl methanoate
HC
O
CH CH3
CH3
isopropyl methanoate
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl
• Q: which functional groups contain a hydroxyl group?
• A carbonyl group?
• A carboxyl group?
Amines
• Contain an amino group -NH2
• Can be at the end of the chain or have up to
3 chains bonded to it
• HW: Amines Q 2,3 p 72
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2
butylamine
Amines
CH 3 CH 2 NH CH 2 CH 3
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 NH CH 3
diethylamine
methylpropylamine
CH3 CH NH CH3
CH3
isopropylmethylamine
CH3
CH3 CH2 N
CH3
ethyldimethylamine
Amides
O
• Contains
CH3 C
• Present in proteins
• HW: Amides Q 4-6 p 76
NH2
Amides
O
CH3 CH2 CH2 C
NH2
butanamide
O
CH3 CH C
NH2
isobutanamide,
2-methyl-propanamide
CH3
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HW: Putting it all together: Q 3,5,6 p 96
Practice Naming Functional Groups
1-propanol
Alcohols
2-propanol
HO CH2 CH2 CH3
Ethers
CH3 CH CH3
Acids
CH3 O CH2 CH3
Ethyl methyl ether
O
H3C
C
OH
Esters
O
CH3
Methyl ethanoate
HO
O
C
CH3
CH2
Propanoic acid
O
HC
O
CH2 CH3
Ethyl methanoate
Aldehydes O
Ketones O
H3C
CH3 CH2 CH
propanal
CH3 CH2 CH2 NH2
C
CH3
2-propanone
CH3
Amines
propylamine
CH3 CH2 NH CH3
H3C
N
CH3
trimethylamine
ethylmethylamine
Amides
O propanamide
CH3 CH2 C
NH2
CH3 CH NH2
CH3
isopropylamine
Alcohols
ethanol
OH
CH3 CH2
Acids O
Ethers
H 3C
O
CH 3
dimethyl ether
O
Esters
H3C C OH
HC O CH3
ethanoic acid
methyl methanoate
Aldehydes O
Ketones
No ketones are possible
ethanal
H3C C H
(3 C minimum)
Amines
H 3C NH CH 3 Amides O
dimethylamine ethanamide
CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 ethylamine
CH3 C
NH2