Download carbon compounds organic chemistry

CARBON COMPOUNDS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Got Lactase?
• Many people in the world suffer from lactose
intolerance
–
Lacking an enzyme (lactase) that digests
lactose, a sugar found in milk
–
“ase” = enzyme
–
“ose” = sugar
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lactose intolerance illustrates the importance of
biological molecules
–
To the functioning of living cells and to human
health
–
The atoms carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen
(O) nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) make up
molecules that support life
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4 Categories of Organic Molecules
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Fats/Oils/Steroids/Wax
Glucose/Fructose
Starch/Cellulose
Molecules of
Life
Proteins
Biochemicals
Enzymes/Structure/
Movement/Protection
(CHONP)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nucleic Acids
(DNA/RNA)
HYDROCARBONS
• All compounds are either organic, containing carbon
bonded to hydrogen and oxygen or inorganic. The
chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.
Structural
formula
Ball-and-stick
model
H
H
C
Space-filling
model
H
H
H
Methane
C
H
H
H
The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
I.
Carbon bonding:
•
Has 4 electrons in outer energy level
•
Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in outer
shell
•
Carbon forms bonds with other atoms, including
carbon
6P
6N
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
I. Carbon bonding:
Single Bond
Represents 2 electrons
Double Bond
Represents 4 electrons
Triple Bond
Represents 6 electrons
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
II. Hydrocarbons: naming conventions
Roots/Prefixes (2C stands for two carbons)
1 C - ____meth__
2 C - ____eth____
3 C - ____prop___
4 C - ____but____
5 C - ____pent____
Butane
Butane
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6 C - ____hex____
7 C - ____hept___
8 C - ____oct____
9 C - ____non____
10 C - ___dec____
Butane
Hydrocarbon Naming Conventions, Formulas and Examples
Series of
Hydrocarbon
-ending
Formula to determine #
of H atoms *
Bonding
Alkane
ANE
Cn H2n+2
Single Bonds Only
Alkene
ENE
Cn H2n
One Double Bond
C
Alkyne
YNE
Cn H2n-2
One Triple Bond
C
*
C
C
Where “n” is the number of carbon atoms
Examples:
1. CH4 - __________________
2. C3H4 - __________________
3. C5H10 - _________________
4. C9H20 - _________________
5. C6H10 - _________________
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6. Ethene - __________________
7. Heptane - _________________
8. Decyne - __________________
9. Butane - __________________
10. Octene - _________________
III. Functional Groups
A functional group is a cluster of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules
that they compose, and determine the characteristics of the compound
Functional
Group
Hydroxyl
What it Looks
Like…
R
OH
What it Makes…
Alcohols –
polar, attracts
water
Carbonyl
(end)
Aldehydes structural
isomers
Carbonyl
(middle)
Ketone structural
isomers
Carboxyl
Carboxylic
Acids –
organic acids
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Example(s)
III. Functional Groups
A functional group is a cluster of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules
that they compose, and determine the characteristics of the compound
Functional
Group
Amino
Phosphate
What it Looks
Like…
What it Makes…
Amines - act
as bases
Organic
Phosphates
Transfer
Energy
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Example(s)
• Functional groups are particular groupings of atoms
–
That give organic molecules particular
properties
Lactic Acid
OH
Carboxyl
Estradiol
(estrogen)
HO
Hydroxyl
Female lion
OH
Carbonyl
(middle)
O
Wohler
1828
Testosterone
Male lion
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Amino
Urea
IV. Large Carbon Molecules
• Hydrocarbons
–
Are composed of only hydrogen and carbon
• Some carbon compounds are isomers
–
Molecules with the same molecular formula but
different structures
Butene
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a
small set of small molecules
• The four main classes of biological molecules
–
Are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids
• Many of the molecules are gigantic
–
And are called macromolecules
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cells make most of their large molecules
–
By joining smaller organic molecules into
chains called polymers
• Cells link monomers to form polymers
–
By dehydration synthesis
H
OH
OH
OH
Short polymer
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration
Dehydratio
reaction
n reaction
H2O
OH
O
H
H
H
Longer polymer
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
H
H
• Polymers are broken down to monomers
–
By the reverse process, hydrolysis
Animation:
Hydrolysis of sucrose
H2O
H
OH
Hydrolysis
H
OH
OH
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
H