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Organic Chemistry
In a nutshell..
Important Elements
• CARBON is the most important element in
organic chemistry
• Also important…
– Hydrogen
– Oxygen
– Nitrogen
– Sulphur
– Phosphorus
– Chlorine
Covalent Bonds
• Covalent bonds occur when electrons are
SHARED between non-metals.
• Carbon has 4 bonds
C
Valence Electrons
Other Bonds
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hydrogen
one bond
Oxygen
two bonds
Nitrogen
three bonds
Sulphur
two bonds (varies)
Phosphorus
three bonds (varies)
Chlorine
one bond
Bonds = # valence electrons needed to be
Happy 
One, Two, Three….
• Elements can form Single, Double, and
Triple Bonds
– Single bonds share 2 electrons
– Double bonds share 4 electrons
– Triple bonds share 6 electrons
H H
O O
N N
Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons are made up of hydrogen
and carbon only.
• They are divided up based on the number
of bonds.
– alkanes have Single Bonds
– alkenes have Double Bonds
– alkynes have Triple Bonds
Prefixes
• Prefixes are used to describe the number
of Carbons in the compound.
• Meth = 1 Carbon
H
H
C
H
H
Eth = 2 Carbons
H
H
H
C C
H
H
H
Prefixes
• Meth
1 carbon
Hex
• Eth
2 carbons
Hept 7 carbons
• Prop
3 carbons
Oct
8 carbons
• But
4 carbons
Non
9 carbons
• Pent
5 carbons
Dec
10 carbons
6 carbons
Prefix + Suffix
• Methane
Ethylene
H
H
C
H
H
H
C C
H
H
H
Functional Groups
• Functional groups contain combinations of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen,
that are attached to the carbon chain and
determine chemical properties.
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
Functional Group Examples
• The –OH functional group is characteristic
of all organic alcohols.
H
H
C
OH
H
Methanol: Meth = 1 carbon ol = functional group OH
Functional Group Examples
• The –COOH functional group is
characteristic of all organic carboxylic
acids
H
C
OH
O
Methanoic Acid: Meth = 1 carbon oic acid = OOH functional group
Benzene Ring
H
•
H
C
H C
C
C
H
H
C
CH
Name that Compound!
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C C
H
H
H
Pentane
H
H
H
Name that Compound!
H
H
C C C C C
H
H
Pentene
Name that Compound
H
H
C C
H
O
Ethanonic acid
OH
Name that Compound
H
H
H
C C
H
H
Ethanol
OH
Name that Compound
H
C C C
H
H
Propyne
H
Crystal Meth
N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine
Answer These Questions
• Pg 686 in HOLT Chemistry Book
• # 3, 4, 7, 9, 11
#3
•
•
•
•
All are hydrocarbons
Alkanes contain only single bonds
Alkenes contain at least one double bond
Alkynes contain at least one triple bond
#4
#7
• A functional group is an atom or group of
atoms that gives characteristics properties
to organic compounds
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
#9
H
H
H
H
C
C H
H
C
H
# 11
• Any structure that contains 7 Carbon
atoms, an appropriate number of
Hydrogen atoms, and at least one triple
bond is correct.