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2.1 UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
A hydrocarbon in which one or more carboncarbon multiple bonds are present.
Carbon-carbon
multiple bonds are
chemically very
reactive
Parts of organic
compounds that are
very reactive are called
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
If one or more hydrogens are replaced by a new bond
C
H
C
H
C
C
or a different atom a Functional Group is created.
C H
H
C
O
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• DEFINE A CLASS OF COMPOUND
Compounds in a class have similar physical properties
and chemical reactions.
• ARE A REACTIVE SITE
Define the chemistry (reactions) for the group.
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• PROVIDE A BASE FOR NAMING COMPOUNDS
For instance, all ketones have the ending
-ONE in their names.
acetone
methyl ethyl ketone
cyclopropanone
• CONSIST OF UP TO 5 ATOMS
Specific structure
Specific shape
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KNOW YOUR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
YOU SHOULD MEMORIZE THE NEXT TWO
SLIDES (see the handout ).
Know how to draw the Lewis Diagrams for these
functional groups
YOU SHOULD ALSO MEMORIZE THE
TABLE OF COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
THAT IS PRESENTED IN THE SECTION
THAT FOLLOWS
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COMMON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
CLASS
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
ALKENES
R
R
R
C
C
R
AROMATICS
R
R can be H
C
double bond
C
Any compound which has a
benzene ring is “aromatic”
or “benzenoid”
benzene
ring
ALCOHOLS
R
O
H
H cannot be R
R cannot be H
O
H
hydroxyl
ETHER
R
O
R
R cannot be H
O
R
alkoxy
( R = any group of carbon and hydrogen atoms )
( Take special care where red arrows indicate )
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ….. continued
CLASS
CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
R
O
OH
R
ESTERS
ALDEHYDES
C
C
O
OR’
R
C
O
H
KETONES
R
C
O
R
R
AMINES
AMIDES
R N
H
R can be H
R can be H
R’ cannot be H
H cannot be R
R cannot be H
H can be R
H
R
C
O
carboxyl
O
ester
C
OH
C
OR
O
aldehyde
C
O
carbonyl
N
H
amino
C
H
H
O
NH2
R can be H
H can be R
C
O
NH2
amide
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GROUPS WITH
SPECIAL ABBREVIATIONS
(condensed formulas)
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SPECIAL ABBREVIATIONS
( continued )
-C6H5
-CHO
benzene ring
aldehyde
( note H before O,
-C-OH is an alcohol)
(CO) or CO
carbonyl group
..
O
:
C H
..
C O:
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SPECIAL ABBREVIATIONS
KNOW THESE - including electron pairs
..
-COOH
-CO2H
carboxylic acid
O:
..
C O H
..
..
-COOR
-CO2R
-NH2
ester
O:
..
C O
R
..
amino group
..
N H
H
..
-CONH2
amide
O:
..
C N H
H
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MOLECULES WITH
MULTIPLE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
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IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
amine
N
H
N
amine
CH3
amine
O
CH3
amide
O
amide
HO
alkene
alcohol
CH3
N
N
alkene
N
N
CH3
amine
alkene
NH2
CH3O
amine
CH3O
OCH3
ethers
Circle and name the functional groups.
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