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PowerPoint® Presentation Photovoltaic Systems Charge Controllers Charge Controller Features • Charge Controller Types • Charge Controller Setpoints • Charge Controller Applications Arizona Solar Power Society www.meetup.com/arizona-solar-power-society/ Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Charge controllers manage interactions and energy flows between a PV array, battery bank, and electrical load. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Single-stage battery charging is simpler, but multistage battery charging brings batteries to a higher state of charge. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Charge controllers protect batteries from overcharge by terminating or limiting charging current. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Charge controllers protect batteries from overdischarge by disconnecting loads at low battery voltage. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Most charge controllers include displays or LEDs to indicate battery voltage, state of charge, and/or present operating mode. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Shunt charge controllers regulate charging current by short-circuiting the array. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Series charge controllers regulate charging current by opening the circuit from the array. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Pulse-width modulation (PWM) simulates a lower current level by pulsing a higher current level ON and OFF for short intervals. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Maximum power point tracking manipulates the load or output voltage of an array in order to maintain operation at or near the maximum power point under changing temperature and irradiance conditions. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Diversionary charge controllers regulate charging current by diverting excess power to an auxiliary load when batteries are fully charged. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Controllers designed for hybrid PV systems must manage multiple current sources simultaneously. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Ampere-hour charge controllers track the cumulative number of ampere-hours applied to a battery bank and discontinue charging at a preset total. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Charge regulation setpoints are the voltage levels at which the charge controller interrupts or reconnects the charging current from the array to the battery bank. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers The optimal voltage regulation setpoint depends on the types of battery and charge controller. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Load control setpoints are the voltage levels at which the charge controller interrupts or reconnects the discharging current from the battery bank to the loads. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers The equalization setpoint brings the battery voltage to a level that is higher than the normal charge regulation voltage. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Setpoints are adjusted with controls inside the charge controller. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Temperature probes are placed between batteries and connect to a charge controller to compensate the charge regulation setpoint. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Many criteria should be considered when selecting charge controllers for PV systems. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Long conductors between a charge controller and a battery bank have resistance that causes voltage drops. Voltage drops affect the voltage measured at the charge controller, which triggers overcharge and overdischarge protections too early. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Some charge controllers use additional battery voltage sense conductors to avoid the effect of voltage drop on setpoints. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Larger PV systems often use independent charge controllers for each array source circuit. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Separate charge controllers are usually recommended for charging independent battery banks from a single array. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers In some cases, a single charge controller may be used to charge independent battery banks. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers To balance the charge to and from the battery in a self-regulating PV system, the load must be well defined, the battery must be oversized, and the array current must be self-limiting. Chapter 7 — Charge Controllers Low-voltage modules control current into a battery bank without a charge controller because their current automatically falls as the battery reaches full charge.