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STORMS pg. 452-451 The Blizzard of 1978 In February 1978, a huge blizzard hit the northeastern United States. Weather stations recorded hurricane-force winds, and many cities received record-breaking amounts of snow. The storm hovered over New England, and heavy snow fell for almost 33 hours without letting up. In Massachusetts, people driving on highways abandoned their cars when the snow became too deep to drive through. Rescuers used cross-country skis and snowmobiles to help evacuate the roads. Stranded drivers returned home any way they could. The governor of Massachusetts declared a state of emergency. He called in the National guard to clear the roads of snow. It took almost a week until the roads opened again. Answer the following questions. 1. What do you think made the blizzard so dangerous. 2. Besides the hurricane-force winds and the roads filling with snow, what other hazards do you think the blizzard caused? Storm Video http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/education_1/1112777058/wh at-is-a-storm/ http://www.discoveryeducation.com/connectwithweather/ Storm Storm: is a violent disturbance in the atmosphere It involves sudden changes in air pressure, which cause rapid air movements. There are 4 types of storms: winter storms, thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Winter Storms All year round, most precipitation begins in clouds as snow. If the air is colder than 0 degrees Celsius all the way to the ground, the precipitation falls as snow. Some places in New York get a lot more snow than others. In an average winter, nearly 3 meters of snow fall on these cities due to lake-effect snow. Lake-Effect Snow: A cold, dry air moves across the warmer water, it becomes more humid as water vapor evaporates from the lake surface. When the air reaches land and cools, lake effect snow falls. Thunderstorms Thunderstorms: a small storm accompanies by heavy precipitation and frequent thunder and lighting. They form in large cumulonimbus clouds, known as thunderheads, These clouds form on hot humid afternoons or evenings. They also form when warm air is forced upward along a cold front. How Thunderstorms form: When warm, humid air rises rapidly within a cumulonimbus cloud. Lighting: a sudden spark, or electrical discharge, as these charges jump between a cloud and the ground. Clouds Clouds Hurricanes Hurricanes: A tropical cyclone with winds of 119km/h or higher. They form in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian ocean, they are simply called cyclones. A hurricane begins over warm ocean water as a low pressure area or a tropical disturbance. If it grows in size and strength, it becomes a tropical storm, which may then become a hurricane. Saffir/Simpson Scale The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed. This scale estimates potential property damage. Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are considered major hurricanes because of their potential for significant loss of life and damage. Saffir/Simpson Scale Category 1- 74-95 mph Well-constructed frame homes could have roof damage, damage to shingles, or gutters. Category 2- 96-110 mph Well-constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads. Category 3- 111-129 mph Well-built framed homes may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends. Category 4- 130-156 mph Well-built framed homes can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Category 5- 157 or higher mph A high percentage of framed homes will be destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Tornadoes Tornadoes: Rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches own from a thunderstorm to touch Earth’s surface. If a tornadoes occurs over a lake or ocean, its called a waterspout. How they form: They most commonly develop in thick cumulonimbus clouds. These are the same clouds that bring thunderstorms. Tornados often occur when thunderstorms are likely. This may happen in spring and early summer, late in the afternoon when the ground is warm. Tornado Alley-Pg. 448 Tornado Alley Zone Fujita Scale Fujita Scale: named by scientist Dr. Theodore Fujita, it is used to rank tornadoes by the amount of damage caused. Fujita Scale EF0- (65-85 mph) Branches broken off trees (light damage) EF1- (86-110 mph) Mobile homes overturned (moderate) EF2- (111-135 mph) Trees uprooted (considerable) EF3- (136-165 mph) Roofs and walls torn down (severe) EF4-(166-200 mph) Houses leveled (devastating) EF5- (200 + mph) Houses carried away (incredible) Storm PowerPoint Project The teacher will assign you a type of storm The PowerPoint must have a title page with the name of your storm example (Tornado, Hurricane, Winter storm, etc.) You must have slides that explain how they form, pictures, and one event that has happened. For example: In February 1978 a major Blizzard occurred. Your slides in order: You need at least 4 slides 1) Title Page (Name of storm, and your name) 2) How your storm formed 3) Pictures of your storm 4) One event that happened, you will have to google or research this (includes date, and details on what happened that day)
