Download LSNA NMDG Presentation 2005

Advanced Component
Characterization and Modeling
From Small-Signal to Large-Signal
- All in One -
Outline







Introduction
Component Characterization
A Large-Signal Network Analyzer
The Absolute Calibration
The MT4463 - The Hardware
The MT4463 - All in One MT4463 Modules
–
–
–


High - Impedance Probing
Real-Time PA Analysis
Measurement-Based Behavioral Modeling
Component Characterization and Modeling Services
Conclusion
http://www.nmdg.be/
2
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
f0
A Vector Network Analyzer
LINEAR BEHAVIOR
f0
Measurement System
Transistor
1 RFIC
System
a
b1
50 50
Experiment 1
Measurement System
Transistor
1 RFIC
System
a2
b2
a
b1
Superposition
a2
b2
Experiment 2

Analysis
a1i , b1i , a2i , b2i
b1  S11a1  S12a2
with i representi ng different experiment s
b2  S 21a1  S 22a2
http://www.nmdg.be/
f0
f0
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
MANY
POSSIBILITIES
STRAIGHTFORWARD
Component Characterization

DC Characterization

S-parameters at
different bias points
(option: pulsed)

Nonlinear Characteristics: Compression, AM-AM and
AM-PM, TOI, Harmonic Distortion, Spectral Regrowth, Source- and Load-pull etc …. ????
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Source and Load Tuning
Component Characterization
Active
HF
50 Ohm Termination
Vector Network Analyzer
Linear
S-parameters
Compression
Delivered Power
Power Meter
Active
HF
Active
HF
Power
Meter
Active
HF
Power
Meter
Compression
Spectrum
Analyzer
Harmonics
Active
HF
Power Meter
Power
Meter
Harmonics
Vector Signal
Generator
Active
HF
Spectrum
Analyzer
Active
HF
Vector Signal
Analyzer
Oscilloscope
In-circuit
Inspection
Spectral Regrowth
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
f0 2f0 3f0 ...
A Large - Signal Network Analyzer
NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR
Measurement System
Realistic
Stimulus
Realistic
Stimulus
v1 a1
i1 b1

MEASURING

Transistor
RFIC
System
a2 v2
b2 i2
REPRESENTING IN
–
Travelling Waves (A, B)
–
Frequency (f)
–
Voltage/Current (V, I)
–
Time (t)
AT THE COMPONENT PORTS
–
Freq - time
(envelope)
Characterization
http://www.nmdg.be/

Meas-based model
f (v1 , v2 , i1 , i2 , t | f )  0
g (v1 , v2 , i1 , i2 , t | f )  0
Analysis
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Component Characterization under CW Stimulus
All voltages and currents or waves are represented by a
fundamental and harmonics (including DC)
X
1
X0
X2
X4
X3
Freq. (GHz)
Freq. (GHz)
DC 1 2 3
DC 1 2 3
4
4
Z1
DUT
Z2
Freq. (GHz)
DC 1 2 3
4
Complex Fourier
coefficients Xh of
waveforms
Freq. (GHz)
DC 1 2 3
4
http://www.nmdg.be/
Freq. (GHz)
DC 1 2 3
4
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Component Characterization under Modulation
Phase
X1(t)
Amplitude
X0(t)
X2(t)
X4(t)
Phasor
Freq. (GHz)
Freq. (GHz)
Modulation
time
DC 1 2 3
4
time
DC 1 2 3
4
X3(t)
Slow change (MHz)
Z1
DUT
Fast change (GHz)
Z2
Freq. (GHz)
time
DC 1 2 3
4
Complex Fourier
coefficients Xh(t) of
waveforms
Freq. (GHz)
time
DC 1 2 3
4
http://www.nmdg.be/
Freq. (GHz)
time
DC 1 2 3
4
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Component Characterization under Periodic Modulation
Phase
X1i
Amplitude
X0i
X2i X
3i
Phasor
Periodic
Modulation
Freq. (GHz)
Freq. (GHz)
DC
1
2
3
2
1
DC
3
Z1
DUT
Z2
Freq. (GHz)
DC 1 2 3
4
Complex Fourier
coefficients Xhm of
waveforms
Freq. (GHz)
DC
1
2
3
Freq. (GHz)
DC
1
2
3
The class of signal is extendable to any type of multi-tone signal
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Large-Signal Network Analyzer
Response
Acquisition
Stimulus
Modulation
Source
Calibration
50 Ohm
or
tuner
Reference
Planes
Complete Spectrum
Waveforms
Harmonics and Periodic Modulation
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Acquisition in LSNA
Filter
Filter
Filter
Filter
PC Acquisition Unit
Sampling Converter
LO
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Harmonic Sampling - Signal Class: Continuous
Wave
LP
fLO=19.98 MHz = (1GHz-1MHz)/50
1 MHz
RF
50 fLO
2 MHz
100 fLO
1
2
150 fLO
3 MHz
3
IF Bandwidth
IF
1
2
http://www.nmdg.be/
3
Freq. (MHz)
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Harmonic Sampling - Signal Class: Narrowband
Modulation
LP
fLO=19.98 MHz = (1GHz-1MHz)/50
1 MHz
RF
100 fLO
50 fLO
1
2 MHz
2
150 fLO
3 MHz
3
IF Bandwidth
IF
1
2
http://www.nmdg.be/
3
Freq. (MHz)
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Harmonic Sampling - Signal Class: Broadband
Modulation
2BW MHz
BW
LP
BW
Adapted sampling process
RF
150 fLO
1
2
3 Freq. (GHz)
IF
Freq. (MHz)
BW of Periodic Broadband Modulation = 2* BW IF data acquisition
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Practical Limitations of LSNA

Large-Signal Network analysis will be performed using
periodic stimuli
–
–
–

one - tone and harmonics
periodic modulation and harmonics
other types of multi - tones are possible
The devices under test maintain periodicity in their
response
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
LSNA Calibration
Response
F0=1GHz Stimulus
Modulation
Source
a1m b1m a2m
Acquisition
a1DUT
a2DUT
b1DUT
b2DUT
Calibration
Actual waves
at DUT
freq
b2m
a1DUT 
 1 1 0
 DUT 
 
0
b
1
 1   K 1
a2DUT 
 0 0 2
 DUT 

b
0 0 2
 2 
Reference
Planes
0  a1m 
 
0  b1m 
 2  a2m 
 
 2  b2m 
Absolute magnitude
and phase error term
http://www.nmdg.be/
50 Ohm
or
tuner
Measured waves
7 relative error terms
same as a VNA
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Relative Calibration: Load-Open-Short
K
Acquisition
 1 1 0
 
0
1
 1
 0 0 2

0 0 2
0
0 
2 

2 
{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
50 Ohm
Load
Open
Short
50 Ohm
{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
f0 = 1GHz
Acquisition
50 Ohm
Thru
50 Ohm
Calibration for all multi - tones
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Power Calibration
freq
 1 1 0
 
0
1
K  1
 0 0 2
Amplitude
0 0 2
0
0 
2 

2 
{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
Acquisition
{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
Power Meter
50 Ohm
f0 = 1GHz
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Phase Calibration
freq
 1 1 0
 
0
1
K  1
 0 0 2
Phase 
0 0 2
0
0 
2 

2 
{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
Acquisition
f0
50 Ohm
...
Harmonic Phase
Reference
50 Ohm
f0
f0 = 1GHz
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Measurement Traceability
Relative Cal
Phase Cal
Agilent
Nose-to-Nose
Standard (*)
(NIST)
Power Cal
EOS
(demonstrated
already with NIST)
National Standards
(*) Licensed to Maury and NMDG
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
MT4463
MT4463B - 50 GHz
MT4463A - 20 GHz
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Adapting MT4463 to different needs
DC IV
Characterization
Active HF Component
Characterization
Modulation
Characterization
Small-Signal
Large-Signal
Adding
… DC Capability
Adding
… Modulation Capability
Accurate
Complete
MT4463A/B
Active
Tuning
Adding
… Pre-match Tuner
… Second Source
Passive
Tuning
Under different
Impedance Conditions
http://www.nmdg.be/
Adding
… Tuners
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
MT4463A - 20 GHz
Power Meter
Harmonic Phase Reference
Amplifier
Power Sensor
Pulse Generator
PC
Acquisition Unit
System Source
Sampling Converter
Test Set
Test Board
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
MT4463B - 50 GHz
Harmonic Phase Reference
Amplifier
Power Meter
Power Sensor
Pulse Generator
PC
Acquisition Unit
System Source
Sampling Converter
Test Set Calibration Module
Test Set Reflectometers
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
The Test Set - 50 GHz - On Wafer
MT4466B001
Calibration Module
Reflectometer
Reflectometer
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
The Software LSNA v1.1.0
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DC Characterization (using script)
Small - Signal: S-parameters
Large - Signal: Provides calibrated measurements of voltages
and currents or incident and reflected waves in reference planes
at the device under test under periodic stimulus in mismatched
conditions
Graphical User Interface supporting basic functionality
–
–

Control
Data Visualization
Open system
–
–
Powerful scripting language to develop own applications
API to connect into your tools
•
•
MATLAB
LabVIEW ...
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Easy control via GUI
Configure
System
Calibrate
System
SOLT
LRRM
TRL
De-embedding
Modulation
Ranging
Save data
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Calibration using GUI
SOLT Calibration
In this case:
DC is not applied via bias tees
but separately via port 3 and 4
DC calibration eliminates the cable losses
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
From small - signal to large - signal with ONE
connection
Commercial available FET in fixture
Test
Port 2
Test
Port 1
Bias Control
Absolute Calibration
Deembedding
Synthesizer Control
Vgs = -0.3 V Vds = 1.5 V
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Measuring S-parameters
Persistency
mode
Power Control
at Port 2
Power Control
at Port 1
S11
Markers
S21
S12
S22
Frequency Range: 600 MHz – 20, 40 or 50 GHz (depending on Test Set and Source)
Supported Calibration techniques: SOLT, LRRM, TRL
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Large-Signal Measurements - CW - Voltage/Current
Time domain
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Large-Signal Measurements - CW - Voltage Waves
Time domain
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Large-Signal Measurements - CW - Voltage/Current
Frequency domain
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
DC-IV curve and load line
Small-signal - 50 Ohm Termination
Large-signal non-50 Ohm Termination
Large-signal - 50 Ohm Termination
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Input and Load impedance under CW
Impedance at 2nd harmonic
non-50 Ohm Termination
Impedance at fundamental
non-50 Ohm Termination
http://www.nmdg.be/
35
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Periodic Modulation - Multi-tone generation
Carrier
Modulation
Tones
Generation of Multi-tone
http://www.nmdg.be/
36
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Large-Signal Measurements - Modulation - Voltage/Current
Frequency domain
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Large-Signal Measurements - Modulation - Voltage/Current
Zoom into one of the spectral components
Frequency domain
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Large-Signal Measurements - Modulation - Voltage/Current
Frequency - Time domain
http://www.nmdg.be/
39
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Dynamic AM/AM and AM/PM (two-tone 2kHz spacing)
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Dynamic HDA (two-tone 2kHz spacing)
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Powerful Scripting Language
Fast development of prototypes and
new applications,
exploiting all MT4463 capabilities,
using Mathematica™
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Connecting to your development tools
Stimulus
Response
DLL
Connection via LabVIEW
C-callable
Talk to your instruments
through
your own tools
Connection via C-program
Data export
• Citifile
• Table
• CSV
Connection via others
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
In-Circuit coherent and calibrated HF Signal Probing(*)
10
8
6
4
2
Pin
(dBm)
5
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
8
10
12
13
14
15
(*) With courtesy of CNES and IRCOM
http://www.nmdg.be/
44
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Real-Time PA Analysis - Setup
2f0
MT4463
i1
(optional)
i2
Triplexer
f0
v1
DUT
f0
v2
3f0
(optional)
Offset +
smart signal
to scan amplitude
and phase
http://www.nmdg.be/
45
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Real - time PA Analysis and Load pull
Power source
on-wafer
FET
2 GHz
vG=-0.9V
vD=3.0V
Gain
Reactive Power
Harmonic Power...
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Real-time load-pull
Compared to classical load-pull
max Pdel
@
4 additional points:
10.13 dBm
68.5 + j 8.5 
|D| < 0.1 dB
10.04 dBm
71.7 + j 7.1 
http://www.nmdg.be/
harmonics (0.1 dB)
flat surface
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Measurement - Based Behavioral Model
Setup and boundaries
setup
power
sweep
equid.
grid
a2
mismatch
region
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Integration of model into simulator (ADS)
FDD + DAC
component
CITI file
regular grid
no triangulation
required
http://www.nmdg.be/
49
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Verification of model (load-pull)
contours based
on HB simulations
on regular polar grid
using MBBM
imported into ADS
contours based
on classical
load-pull data
imported into ADS
after triangulation
http://www.nmdg.be/
50
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Verification of model (source-pull)
contours based
on HB simulations
on regular polar grid
using MBBM
imported into ADS
contours based
on classical
source-pull data
imported into ADS
after triangulation
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Model Capabilities


Compression / Gain
Source - and Load - pull with most power
characteristics
Modulation Prediction
(even under mismatches)
Mismatched Condition
QPSK at input
QPSK at output
Spectral Re-growth
at input
at output
Output Power

Dynamic
Compression
Input Power
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
NMDG Characterization Service

With one single connection to the component, you get
–
DC I-V characteristics
- S-parameters at different bias points
–
Broadband voltage and current waveforms
Diodes
Transistors
Amplifiers
(De)Modulators
RF Switches
•
•
•
RF MEMS
•
...
O/E components
•
at the input and output of the test device
including fundamental, harmonic and modulation behaviour
for different bias conditions, powers and at different frequencies
under continuous wave stimulus
under different impedances
http://www.nmdg.be/
53
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
NMDG Characterization Service

With one single connection to the component, you get
–
Dynamic Loadlines
- Static and Dynamic Harmonic Distortion
Analysis (amplitude and phase)
–
Intermodulation / IM3
- Measurement data connection in circuit
design tools
- … and many more on request
http://www.nmdg.be/
54
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
NMDG Advanced Characterization Service

Requires customized engineering


Hot S-parameter measurements
Stability analysis under hot conditions
Large-signal measurements under pulsed conditions
Measurement of input impedance of sources, oscillators under
hot conditions
Conversion matrices
Characterization of frequency translating devices, e.g. mixers
In-circuit measurements using high-impedance or active probes

On request: Other large-signal characteristics can be measured





http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
NMDG Modeling Service


Only Measurement - Based Behavioral Models
Capabilities
–
–
–

Accurate and complete at a specified fundamental frequency
for a given input power range and a range of source and
load impedances
The bias circuitry is assumed to be part of the component
Modulation prediction is possible under quasi-static
assumptions
Key Values
–
–
Fast availability of accurate model
speeds up concurrent design
Simulate your active HF components
under mismatched conditions, fast and
accurately
http://www.nmdg.be/
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 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
HF Measurement System Consulting

Closing the gap between instruments and the increasing complexity to
characterize and test HF active components and circuits
NMDG offers ...
Graphical User Interface Development
Circuit
Design
Tools

Signal Processing
and
Algorithm Development
Key Values
–
–
–
Focus on your design and production,
not on developing measurement systems
Eliminate the guess work in your measurements
Instrument Control
by adding the proper calibration
Extend your signal analysis capability to in-circuit testing
through software and additional hardware
http://www.nmdg.be/
57
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
HF Measurement System Consulting
In - circuit
HF Signal Testing
with
calibration at the component
Stimulus - Response
Measurement System
for HF and High-Speed Signals
Correction
Coefficients
Calibration
Software
Calibration Planes
http://www.nmdg.be/
58
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
HF Measurement System Consulting
In - Circuit coherent and calibrated HF Signal Probing (*)
10
8
6
4
2
Pin
(dBm)
5
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
8
10
12
13
14
15
(*) With courtesy of CNES and IRCOM
http://www.nmdg.be/
59
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering
Conclusion

MT4463 is one instrument to study the nonlinear behavior in all its
aspects
–
–


from small - signal to large -signal with one connection
under CW and modulation condition in mismatched environments
MT4463 it is the only instrument providing the complete state of a
component, compatible with present simulators
MT4436 is designed to evolve over - time securing your investment
NMDG Characterization and Modeling Service
give you
The MT4463 Experience
at low risk
NMDG HF System Consulting
brings NMDG Expertise
to your bench
http://www.nmdg.be/
60
 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineering