Download Active network management

WP2 – Technical and System constraints for
DER Integration
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
Other
contributors
Yves Marie Saint-Drenan
([email protected] )
Benoît Bletterie
[email protected]
Boštjan Blažič
([email protected])
Speaker:
Raúl Rodríguez
([email protected])
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
WP2 Phase I
Objective of the Work Package
Interconnection requirements of DER
DER integration and Active Network Management
Demand Response and Demand Side Management
DER energy market integration
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
OBJECTIVE
MONITOR AND ASSESS THE TECHNICAL BREAKTHROUGHS IN MEETING
THE R&D NEEDS IN:
 DER INTERCONNECTION
 OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF NETWORKS
 INTEGRATION IN ENERGY MARKETS
THIS IS CARRIED OUT BY MEANS OF FOUR TASKS:
 INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS AND INTERFACES
 TECHNIQUES FOR DER INTEGRATION AND ACTIVE NETWORKS
MANAGEMENT
 DEMAND RESPONSE AND DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
 DER ENERGY MARKET INTEGRATION
PARTICIPANTS IN WP2:
 Univ. of LJUBLJANA, Black Sea Regional Energy Centre (BSREC),
Lithuanian Energy Institute (LEI), EGU, MAKK, ENVIROS, KAPE, SIEMENS
AG, DONG ENERGY, IBERDROLA, VERBUND, ARSENAL, LABEIN and
ISET
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2 – PHASE I
RESULTS:
 FOUR REPORTS (1 FOR EACH TASK) + 1 GENERAL DELIVERABLE
HAVE BEEN PRESENTED
 THE GENERAL DELIVERABLE SUMMARISES THE RESULTS OF THE 4
TASK REPORTS:
– Interconnection Requirements for DER in Europe (ARSENAL)
– Techniques for DER integration and Active Network Management (UNIV.
LJUBLJANA)
– Demand Response and Demand Side Management (LABEIN)
– DER Energy Market Integration (ISET)
 THESE REPORTS WILL BE AVAILABLE AT THE PROJECT WEB
SITE AS SOON AS THEY ARE APPROVED BY THE COMISSION:
www.solid-der.org
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.1 – INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR DER
PRESENTATION:
 The scope of the work is to review and analyse the electricity network
interconnection requirements in Europe
 Focus is set on the technical aspects to interconnect DER to the power
network
 The final objective is to identify the major problems related to
interconnection requirements and to raise awareness to stakeholders
involved in the development of standardisation work
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.1 – INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR DER
METHODOLOGY:
 National Reports were filled by the participants of the project, especially
those belonging to “New Member States” (NMS) giving information about
each country: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland,
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia
 Previous European projects have been analysed to extract information
about other EU countries:
– Projects: DGFACTS, DISPOWER and ELEP
– Countries: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, UK,
USA
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.1 – INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR DER
CONCLUSIONS:
 The situation in Europe can be mainly characterised by:
– Absence of a European interconnection standard for DER
– Complexity in relation to the responsibilities for the development of
interconnection requirements (laws, decrees, national standards, grid codes…)
– Great variety of documents (terms addressed, technical content…)
– Inadequate documents: information is not always transparent or easily
accessible
 Other observations:
– Some issues are not addressed in all documents (anti-islanding, DC current
injection…)
– Some documents reflect lack of experience with DER, e.g. inverter based DER
– Few documents provide explanation and assessment examples
– Significant interpretation margin is left for some of the issues
– There is a need for European Standards, USA experience and the prenormative work being done in the Network of Excellence DERlab can be positive
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.1 – INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR DER
RECOMMENDATIONS:
 Critical technical issues should be further investigated through prenormative work
 Small generators should be released from a long and expensive
assessment procedure. Availability of certified equipment could reduce
costs and the interconnection procedure
 Aspects to be considered for the European interconnection standard:
– It should be comprehensive
– Its scope and requirements should be limited to interconnection issues
– Regulatory aspects should be avoided (treated separately)
 Regulatory adjustments are necessary and should help technical and
organisational measures
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.2 – DER INTEGRATION AND ACTIVE NETWORKS MANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION:
 The power system structure began to
change mainly with the:
– Introduction of the electrical energy market
– Increase of the social environmental
concern
– Development and availability of new
technologies
 These resulted in the advent of Distributed
Generation (DG), which may seriously
influence network operation
 The active network management concept
might allow an efficient integration of a large
DG share by means of a change in the
distribution network structure and control
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.2 – DER INTEGRATION AND ACTIVE NETWORKS MANAGEMENT
METHODOLOGY:
 The report consists of two parts:
– Technical impact of DG on networks
– Active Distribution Networks
 Technical impact of DG on networks includes:
– Overview of those possible impacts
– Experiences of countries with DG integration: inputs
were based on questionnaires filled by partners, who
answered to two main groups of questions: Assessment of
the DG penetration level and of the available monitoring of
units and Identification of existing and potential problems
caused by DG
 The active network management is divided into two main
sections:
– General concepts of active distribution networks: system
architecture, distribution network control, real-time
estimation tools, etc are described
– Active distribution network concepts in RTD projects:
active distribution network concepts proposed in different
research projects are analysed
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.2 – DER INTEGRATION AND ACTIVE NETWORKS MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSIONS:
 Technical impact of DG on networks:
– Impact of DG on the protection scheme and unintentional islanding: they can
endanger the safety of people and equipment
– Network voltage profile: voltage levels may vary on some feeders and even go
beyond defined limits
– Intermittence of RES, especially wind power: it makes difficult to balance
energy production and consumption, it diminish system stability
– Power quality and network operation problems already occur due to DG
integration in some EU countries. Network operators are forced to limit DG
penetration. The mitigation of these problems would permit a higher penetration.
 Active network management:
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The main technical challenge is related to the control of a large number of DER
Substantial investments will be needed in distribution networks
The introduction of distribution system automation will be gradual
An active network will have the following functionalities:
- It can be divided into local control areas (connected or autonomous operation)
- It must enable voltage and frequency control by means of controllable power
sources, loads and energy storage and by means of power electronics,
communications (ICT)…
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.2 – DER INTEGRATION AND ACTIVE NETWORKS MANAGEMENT
RECOMMENDATIONS:
 Technical impact of DG on networks:
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Modification in protection settings, equipment and/or schemes
Anti-islanding protection: effective solutions are needed
Control over voltage profile is necessary
Monitoring and forecasting techniques are needed for the mitigation of the
intermittency of some renewable energy sources (to achieve system stability)
– Estimation of DG penetration limits: it should be determined for area how much
DG can be connected without causing disturbances in the grid
 Active network management:
– The main characteristics of the control system should be the following:
- Real-time monitoring and prediction tools for consumption, production and
electricity prices
- All types of generation, load and storage devices should be controllable and
contribute to network voltage and frequency control:
·
·
·
·
DG should provide and fault ride through capabilities
Storage devices should maintain energy balance during emergency
Power electronic will operate standalone and as part of controllable devices
ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) are an important part
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.3 – DEMAND RESPONSE AND DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION:
 The Definition of Demand Response (DR) and Demand Side Management (DSM)
is unclear and it changes from country to country
 CIGRE has adopted the Demand Side Integration (DSI) term to include all the
initiatives trying to influence the electricity consumption
 The following initiatives have been considered under these terms:
– Indirect initiatives that encourage consumption efficiency increase and demand
reduction, e.g., financing of energy efficient lighting, devices…
– Initiatives based on sending price signals to customers. Electricity price must be
different at different times of the day
– Indirect load control initiatives that force or encourage
customers to reduce their consumption during certain periods,
e.g., interruptibility contracts. Customers must execute the
reduction themselves
– Direct load control programs where DSO, TSO or
programme operators disconnect part of the customer’s load.
Direct communication is needed.
– Initiatives or market structures that allow the participation of
the customers offering load reductions in exchange for certain
price
Vilnius
1/03/2005 Tues. Effect of interruptibility contracts (Source: REE)
March 6th, 2007
WP2.3 – DEMAND RESPONSE AND DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
METHODOLOGY:
 Different issues are covered by WP2.3 report
– General issues: based on the existing literature
– Technical requirements: focused mainly on smart meters, the
management system and communications. Based on existing literature
– RTD European project analysis: seventeen past and ongoing projects
have been selected, described and, in some cases, analysed
– EU-15 and non-EU country experiences: DSI experiences in several
countries have been analysed, included USA, UK and Australia which are
the most advanced in this field.
– Potential for DSI initiatives in some “New Member States” of the EU-27:
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and
Slovenia
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.3 – DEMAND RESPONSE AND DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSIONS:
 Up to now not many EU projects have addressed specifically DSI issues
 The USA is the country where DSI measures have been more widely deployed:
their power system is over-stressed in some areas. UK and Northern countries
in Europe (N, DK, F) are starting to catch up
 Main reasons to launch DSI initiatives:
– Encourage energy efficiency and demand reduction to reduce environmental
impact of energy consumption
– Alleviate local grid constraints, which may improve grid reliability levels
Generation-Demand Unbalance in Spain
– Defer investments associated to grid reinforcement
– Improve grid balance mechanisms
 There are still a lot of barriers for DSI implementation,
among others: Reluctance of customers to modify their
electricity consumption habits; Lack of information;
Restrictive requirements to participate in markets or
initiatives; Immature technology; lack of profitability due
to high initial investments; electricity price structure in
the country (retail prices); lack of DSI services…
Source: REE
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.3 – DEMAND RESPONSE AND DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
RECOMMENDATIONS:
 Enhance the elasticity of demand with incentives to customers (public and/or
private support is important) and raising their awareness
 Aggregation of small customers for a bigger impact in market and system
 Technology improvement and availability: metering (smart meters), information
and communication technologies (ICT), internet based solutions…
 Price based DSI options implementation: electricity tariffs should reflect the
marginal cost of electricity and should be available for customers
 DR services providers should be promoted
 More information for participants
 DSI potential assessment in NMS suggested, among others, the following
recommendations:
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At the present time safe operation margins exist in most of the countries
Industry and households are most promising sectors
DSI would bring environmental and economical benefits due to fuel dependence
Good quality of supply in most of the areas but poor quality in some few
This might be the right time to start thinking about DSI
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.4 – DER ENERGY MARKET INTEGRATION
PRESENTATION:
 The purpose of this task is to analyse the contribution of public
Research and Development to the DER industry
 The “European Paradox” (Green paper on innovation by the EC, 1995): it
was found that European scientists were producing world-class science but
this was not reflected in European economic performances
 According to this report “one of Europe’s weaknesses lies in its inferiority
in terms of transforming the results of technological research and skills into
innovations and competitive advantages”
 In contrast to other fields, in the electricity sector the regulatory
framework in which an innovation is developed is determinant for its future
market introduction
 RTD can impact the industry by several means:
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–
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The creation of new products and/or services
The improvement of existing products
The increase of knowledge
The production of strategic knowledge
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.4 – DER ENERGY MARKET INTEGRATION
METHODOLOGY:
 The experts of the consortium have selected 59 projects according to their
content for being representative of national and EU activities
 The commercial introduction of these projects has been evaluated and a
picture of the current situation of RTD activities with regard to market
introduction has been made
 The observed trends have been analysed and barriers have been identified
 Best-practice examples have been identified
 Recommendations for further RTD activities have been presented
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.4 – DER ENERGY MARKET INTEGRATION
CONCLUSIONS:
 The “European Paradox” is confirmed: 40% of the considered RTD projects
have not considered the future exploitation of results.
 Technological objectives hinder exploitation: 21% of projects did not
consider any exploitation only because they stuck to technological issues
 Barriers to the market introduction
– Lack of regulatory visibility
– Need to improve the DER technology
 The following facilitating factors have been identified:
– Raising knowledge of end users
– Increase of the electricity price
 Possible markets in the present and near future
Today
•DER prediction tools
•DG units with
additional
functionalities
From now up to 5 years
•Microgrids
•New or improved DER
components
•DER monitoring tools
From 5 up to 10 years
•Distributed network management
•Energy management systems
•LV and MV converters for grid support
•DG output trading methods
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
WP2.4 – DER ENERGY MARKET INTEGRATION
RECOMMENDATIONS:
 Some recommendations for future RTD work:
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More focus on the commercial aspect of projects is necessary
It is important to perform market analyses before the choice of technology
The beneficial social effects should be considered
New technologies should be tested
The status of patens should be systematically checked
The regulatory visibility should be increased and more political
commitment, clear messages…
Dedicated investment mechanisms for DER would be helpful
Potential electricity quality and safety problems should be anticipated
The increase of electricity prices should be foreseen, new alternatives
should be prepared for consumers (self-generation using DER, new types of
contracts…
RTD activities to improve DER technologies are necessary (efficiency,
reliability… More adapted to the targeted end-users)
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
ANY OTHER COMMENTS?
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
QUESTIONS TO THE AUDIENCE (to foster discussion)
GENERAL:
 What do you think about the four tasks that have been mentioned in the
presentation? Which is the most interesting for you? Do you think that any
of these could be used in your country and achieve benefits for the
system? now or in the future?
 Which are the main problems in your electrical system from your point of
view?
 Do you think that DER could help in this context?
TASK 2.1:
 Do you (or other people involved) think that the situation regarding
interconnection requirements (and procedure) for DER is satisfactory in
your country?, If not, why?
 Is there a plan to develop new requirements for the interconnection of
DER to t the network? If yes, which initiative?
 Are you (or the people involved in the development of interconnection
requirements for DER) aware of the work being done at international level?
Would you like to receive material about this and/or be involved in these
developments?
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007
QUESTIONS TO THE AUDIENCE (to foster discussion) cont.
TASK 2.3:
 Do you think that DSI actions could be applicable in your country? why and
when?
Vilnius
March 6th, 2007