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Introduction • • • • • • Hypothesis Topology, technical constrains Redundancy, budget constrains Grounding Reliability Conclusion NIKHEF E. Heine, H.Z. Peek NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 1 6/10/2003 – e.heine Hypothesis • Power VLVnT structure = 10 * Antares VLVnT power < 5 * Antares Technology progress Structure upgrades Demands of other users? • = 100 kW Environmental Distance shore-facility = 100 km Power cables combined with fibers Single point failures has to avoid NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 2 6/10/2003 – e.heine Power transmission mains Shore • • • • Cable behavior for AC, DC AC systems DC systems Redundancy (no single failure points) 100kW 100km VLVnT NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 3 6/10/2003 – e.heine Node grid power power Node 12 Converter Junction Node Node Node Node Node NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 12 4 6/10/2003 – e.heine Converter Junction Node grid II power power Sub node Opt. station 7 10 Sub node Sub node Converter Junction Node NIKH EF Node VLVnT facility-power Opt. station Opt. station 4 Node 35 Node 5 Inst. station Converter Junction Node 6/10/2003 – e.heine Node grid III power • • power • Both stations can handle full power. Installation in phases possible. Node Node Node Node Node Node Converter Junction Node Node Node Node Node Node Converter Junction Node Node Node Node Node Node Node NIKH EF Node Node Node Node How to combine with redundant optical network. VLVnT facility-power 6 6/10/2003 – e.heine Node Redundant Power distribution • • power power • Two long distance failures, still 84% in charge. Installation in phases possible. To combine with optical network 6 Converter Junction Converter Junction Node Node Node Node 6 6 Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Converter Junction NIKH EF power power Node Node Node Node Node Node VLVnT facility-power 7 6 6 6 Converter Junction 6/10/2003 – e.heine Long distance to local power converter junction AC / AC system shore power 288 •2x144 el.units submarine •low power conversion Node AC / DC system 72 •2x36 + 4 el.units submarine •high power conversion Node 4 DC / DC system 72 4 4 •2x36 + 4 el.units submarine •4 el.units on shore •high power conversion Node NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 8 6/10/2003 – e.heine Long distance cable behavior • • • • • Higher voltage = lower current = less Cu losses = higher reactive losses AC losses (Iload²+(kUwCcable)²) Rcu > DC losses (Iload²Rcu) AC charging/discharging C, DC stored energy = ½CV² DC conversions more complex then AC conversions AC cables have be partitionized to adapt reactive compensation sections. Lcable Rcu AC cable with reactive power compensation Lcable Rcu Lcable mains mains AC cable VLVnT Ccable Rcu Lcomp. mains DC cable NIKH EF Rcu Rcu VLVnT facility-power VLVnT 9 6/10/2003 – e.heine Lcable Rcu Ccable VLVnT Redundant Node grid DC load sharing between two converter junctions Rcu Converter Junction Converter Junction Node Node Node Node AC load sharing between two converter junctions Converter Junction Converter Junction Node NIKH EF Node VLVnT facility-power Node Node 10 6/10/2003 – e.heine Conclusions on topology AC/AC + + passive components DC/DC AC/DC + constant output level initial costs initial costs losses active components subm. fixed ratio by transformers running costs + + + + constant output level cable losses running costs active components initial costs extra DC conversion subm. running costs extra cabling NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 11 6/10/2003 – e.heine Grounding • • Grounding is essential to relate all potentials to the environment. Prevent ground currents by use of one ground point in a circuit. AC AC DC DC DC DC 5kV= DC DC 48V= DC DC NIKH EF 5kV= DC DC Node Node 380V= VLVnT facility-power DC DC 12 6/10/2003 – e.heine Reliability Not something we buy, but something we make! No Defect 20% Software 9% Induced 12% Parts 22% Wear-Out 9% System management 4% Design 9% Manufacturing 15% Denson, W., “A Tutorial: PRISM”,RAC, 3Q 1999, pp. 1-2 NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 13 6/10/2003 – e.heine General conclusions • Technical issues to investigate – – – – – • Organization – – – – – – NIKH EF DC for long distance is promising-> breakeven study for costs and redundancy node grid gives redundancy node grid can be made of components used in railway industry inter module grid can be made of components used in automotive industry each board / module makes its own low voltages power committee recommend specify the power budget (low as possible, no changes) coordination of the grounding system before realizing watching test reports, redundancy and reliability try to involve a technical university for the feasibility study coordination between power and communication infrastructures VLVnT facility-power 14 6/10/2003 – e.heine Industrial references Expanding by technology progress 600 HVDC, conventional 400 COSTS power (MW) 500 HVDC, VSC-based 300 200 AC BreakEven Distance Installation costs; 9000 - 20000 €/MW.km DC HVAC 100 0 50 VLVnT VLVnT MVAC 0 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 submarine distance (km) Lower in time by technical evolution Sally D. Wright, Transmission options for offshore wind farms in the united states, University of Massachusetts High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, Siemens HVDC light, ABB Gemmell, B; e.a. “HVDC offers the key to untapped hydro potential”, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Volume:22 Issue: 5, May 2002 Page(s): 8-11 NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 15 6/10/2003 – e.heine Cable configuration • • Combined with fibers for communication Redundancy Monopolar power Bipolar normal operation Load power Load power Bipolar Bipolar monopolar operation power power Load power Load power High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, Siemens NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 16 6/10/2003 – e.heine Power factor corrector Classic current voltage Classic: • more harmonic noise • higher I²R losses dilivered power PFC • constant power load • voltage and current in phase PFC voltage current I C U control ~200kHz C delivered power NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 17 6/10/2003 – e.heine Converter types buck converter + + input circuit switching circuit rectifying circuit output circuit control ~200kHz - - boost converter + + • • control ~200kHz - Efficiency up to 90% Power driven - transformer isolated converter + control ~200kHz + - - NIKH EF VLVnT facility-power 18 6/10/2003 – e.heine Local power start up sequence 14 12 voltage Converters on each board or function • Control of switch on/off sequences • Control of Vh>Vl (by scotky diodes) • Control of voltage limits; 10 12V 3V3 3V3out 8 6 1V8 ± 4%, 5V ± 5%, 12V ± 10% 4 2 Power consistence • PCB-layout (noise) • efficiency 0 2 4 12V 2k 12V 6 8 10 time BS250 0 37k efficiency 40 3V3 4k7 60 0 20 NIKH EF 40 60 80 19 3V3out 3V3+5V 1V8 1V8out 1V8+5V C1 100 power VLVnT facility-power C2 3V3 68k 20 15k input voltage temperature output power BS170 80 20k Efficiency (%) 100 6/10/2003 – e.heine Delay C1; 290nF/ms Rise time C2; 41nF/ms
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