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11091 PS6 Advanced SMPS Applications using the dsPIC® DSC SMPS Family © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Class Objective When you finish this class you will: Understand design considerations for a High Power Converter Know how to implement digital control loops using the dsPIC® DSC Understand the benefits of Digital Power Conversion View a demonstration of the AC/DC Reference Design © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Agenda Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Agenda Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Overview of the AC/DC Reference Design © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Overview of AC/DC Reference Design Total Output Power Rating of 350 W Multiple DC Outputs: 3.3V, 69A (max) 5V, 23A (max) 12V, 28A (max) Universal Operating Voltage 85V – 265V AC, 45-65 Hz Digital PFC Implementation PF > 0.98 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Overview of AC/DC Reference Design Automatic Fault Handling Flexible Start-up Capability Remote Power Management Capability Full Digital Control © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› AC/DC Reference Design Block Diagram Isolation Barrier Rectified Sinusoidal Voltage 400Vdc 12Vdc Phase Shift ZVT Converter EMI Filter and Bridge Rectifier PFC Boost Converter ZVT Full-Bridge Converter 3.3Vdc 69A Multi-Phase Buck Converter Synchronous Rectifier 85-265Vac 45-65Hz dsPIC 30F2023 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. OptoCoupler 11091 PS6 dsPIC 30F2023 5Vdc 23A Single-Phase Buck Converter Slide ‹#› dsPIC® DSC SMPS Features 30 MIPS MCU + DSP core Intelligent Power Peripherals High Speed A/D: 10-bit, 2 MSPS High Resolution PWM – 1.05ns High Speed Analog Comparators Internal Fast RC oscillator + PLL Small footprint package - 6 x 6 mm Flash-based controller CodeGuard™ Security Enabled Extended Temp (125°C) Operation Additional Information in 11089_PS4 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Agenda Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› AC/DC Reference Design Architecture © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Considerations for Choice of Architecture Number of Stages Choice of PFC Topology Switching Methodology Output Isolation requirements Requirements of Output Stage © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Considerations for Choice of Architecture Number of Stages Choice of PFC Topology Switching Methodology Output Isolation requirements Requirements of Output Stage © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Multi-Stage Architecture Isolation Barrier Rectified Sinusoidal Voltage EMI Filter and Bridge Rectifier PFC Boost Converter 85-265Vac 45-65Hz dsPIC 30F2023 AC/DC ZVT Synchronous Full-Bridge Reference Rectifier Converter Design OptoCoupler 3.3Vdc 69A Multi-Phase Buck Converter 5Vdc 23A Single-Phase Buck Converter dsPIC 30F2023 Multi-stage design simplifies design of each stage © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Multi-Stage Architecture Rectified Sinusoidal Voltage EMI Filter and Bridge Rectifier Isolation Barrier PFC Boost Converter 3.3Vdc 69A Multi-Phase Buck Converter ZVT Full-Bridge Converter Synchronous Rectifier 85-265Vac 45-65Hz dsPIC 30F2023 OptoCoupler dsPIC 30F2023 5Vdc 23A Single-Phase Buck Converter Multiple Outputs and multiple loads can be controlled Independently © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Multi-Stage Architecture Rectified Sinusoidal Voltage EMI Filter and Bridge Rectifier Isolation Barrier PFC Boost Converter Single-Phase Buck Converter Single-Phase Multi-Phase Buck Converter ZVT Half-Bridge Push-Pull Full-Bridge Converter Converter Synchronous Full-Wave Rectifier 3.3Vdc 69A Single-Phase Buck Converter 85-265Vac 45-65Hz Single-Phase Boost Buck Converter Converter dsPIC 30F2023 OptoCoupler 5Vdc 23A dsPIC 30F2023 Modular Architecture enables swapping of stages with dropin topologies © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Considerations for Choice of Architecture Number of Stages Choice of PFC Topology Switching Methodology Output Isolation requirements Requirements of Output Stage © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Choice of PFC Topology v1 Buck Converter S + ωt L i D v1 V2 < V1 C + v2 i1 - ωt - 0 V2 > V1 Buck-Boost Converter v1 S V2 < V1 D + v1 ωt i L C - + v2 ωt 0 - i1 Buck and Buck-Boost Topologies operate with discontinuous Current © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Why PFC Boost Converter? V2 > V1 Boost Converter L v1 D + ωt i v1 S C + v2 i1 - ωt 0 - Boost Converter operates with continuous input current at high loads © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Considerations for Choice of Architecture Number of Stages Choice of PFC Topology Switching Methodology Output Isolation requirements Requirements of Output Stage © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Choice of Switching Methodology Hard Switching Soft Switching Fixed Frequency Operation Variable/Fixed Frequency Operation Fewer Components Required More Components Required Simpler Control Complex Control High Switching Losses Low Switching Losses Used in Designs with Low Power and Low Performance Requirements Used in Designs with High Power and High Performance Requirements © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Considerations for Choice of Architecture Number of Stages Choice of PFC Topology Switching Methodology Output Isolation requirements Requirements of Output Stage © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Output Isolation and Safety Requirements Isolation Barrier Low Voltage Output High Voltage Input dsPIC 30F2023 dsPIC 30F2023 Live Bias Supply © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Output Isolation is provided by: Transformers Optocouplers Isolated Bias Supply 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Considerations for Choice of Architecture Number of Stages Choice of PFC Topology Switching Methodology Output Isolation requirements Requirements of Output Stage © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Output Stage Requirements Multi-Phase Synchronous Buck Converter Buck Converter L O A D Synchronous Buck Converter L O A D Output Design Specifications determine Choice of Converter Topology © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Summary Overview of AC/DC Reference Design Design Specifications Features of dsPIC® DSC SMPS Family AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Block Diagram Rationale Behind Chosen Architecture © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Agenda Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Power Factor Correction Additional Information Available in 11092_PFC © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Why is PFC needed? Reduce Peak Current Ratings Reduce Component Overheating Efficiently utilize available Power Comply with Regulations Avoid Penalties from Utility Company © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› What is Power Factor ? Un-utilized power Applied Voltage Resulting Current Φ Φ Applied Voltage Resulting Current Useful power © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Diode ON Diode ON Diode ON Diode OFF With no Power Factor Correction, the input current is highly distorted Induces Noise in the Power Grid Higher current rating device is required Diode OFF Diode OFF Power Factor Correction Diode ON Input Voltage Output Voltage AC Input Current Load Current is not sinusoidal © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Power Factor Correction Iin Vin Boost Circuit Input Voltage Vhb AC Load Input Current P.F. = Real (Active) component of Power/Total Power Need to sense Vin, Inductor Current and Vhb Maintains a Noise-free power grid Reduce rms and peak current required by the system © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Forced Sinusoidal input current Slide ‹#› Common PFC Methods Discontinuous Current Mode Input Current Critical Conduction Current Mode Continuous Current Mode © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Input Current Input Current 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› PFC Boost Converter Boost Diode PFC Inductor L1 Primary (Live) Side D1 +HV_BUS R4 R1 Vac Q1 PWM1H + ~ ~ R2 - C3 R5 C2 |VAC| VHV Sense Sense R6 R3 C4 C1 LIVE_GND Rsense IPFC sense © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 -HV_BUS PFC MOSFET Slide ‹#› PFC Control Scheme Voltage Reference + Voltage Error Compensator ∑ X |VAC|MEAN Calculated Current Reference Rectified AC Mains Voltage + ∑ Vout Current Error Compensator PFC Choke PWM - 1 V2 Current Feedback Voltage Feedback PFC Current sense 1011001010 1001011011 ADC © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. S&H 11091 PS6 VOUT Sense S&H Slide ‹#› Resources Required for Digital PFC IPFC VHV_BUS |VAC| k1 k3 VAC ADC Channel k2 FET Driver ADC Channel PWM Output ADC Channel dsPIC30F2023 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› PFC Resource Allocation Signal Name Type of Signal dsPIC® DSC Resource Used VOUT Analog Input AN5 IPFC Analog Input AN4 |VAC| Analog Input AN6 MOSFET Gate Drive Drive Output PWM4L Current Loop Trigger dsPIC® DSC Internal Signal PWM4 Trigger to Sample PFC Current Voltage Loop Trigger dsPIC® DSC Internal Signal Timer2 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Agenda Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› PFC Control Software © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› PFC Software Overview ADC Conversions are initiated by the PWM Trigger Feature The Current Control Loop is Executed in the ADC Interrupt Routine The Voltage Loop is Executed in a Timer Interrupt Faults are handled by the PWM Module using the on-chip Analog Comparators © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the PFC Software Start Initialization © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Initialize PWM Initialize ADC Setup Timer Configure Interrupts Initialize Control Loop Variables Slide ‹#› Structure of the PFC Software Start Initialization © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Initialize PWM Configure PWM Mode, Output Polarity, Period, initial Duty Cycle Setup PWM Faults and Fault Thresholds Setup PWM Triggers 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the PFC Software Start Initialization © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Initialize ADC Setup ADC Speed Configure desired ADC channels as analog inputs Choose ADC Trigger Sources Configure ADC Data Format Choose Simultaneous or Sequential Sampling 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the PFC Software Start Initialization Configure Timer Use Timer to trigger Voltage Control Loop Setup Interrupts PWM Interrupt for Fault Handling ADC Interrupt to trigger Current Control Loop Timer Interrupt to trigger Voltage Control Loop © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the PFC Software Start Initialization Initialize Control Loop Variables Initialize PID Gain Terms in X-memory Initialize Measured signals in Y-memory Initialize pointers to Control Loop Inputs and Outputs © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the PFC Software Start Initialization Enable Timer Enable ADC Enable PWM Enable Peripherals © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Enable Peripherals 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the PFC Software Start Check for Faults Initialization Enable Peripherals Fault Presen t? © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Fault Loop Fault Loop 11091 PS6 The PWM Module is setup to detect Faults and Shutdown all Outputs The PWM Fault Interrupt sets the Fault Flag The Main Routine Checks the Fault Flag The Fault Indicator LED is enabled Any other Fault Handling Routines can be placed in this loop Slide ‹#› Structure of the PFC Software Start Initialization Input AC Voltage Measurement Power Management Routines Check Temperature Other Auxiliary Features Enable Peripherals Fault Presen t? Idle Loop (Normal Operation) © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Idle Loop (Low Priority) Fault Loop 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the PFC Software Start ADC Interrupt (High Priority) Initialization PFC Current Loop Enable Peripherals Fault Presen t? Idle Loop (Normal Operation) Timer Interrupt (Medium Priority) Fault Loop PFC Voltage Loop ADC Interrupt PFC Current Measurement Current PID Calculations Update PWM Duty Cycle VOUT Measurement Voltage PID Calculations Update PFC Current Reference Timer Interrupt © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Demonstration #1 Digital Power Factor Correction © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Agenda Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Zero Voltage and Zero Current Switching © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Zero Voltage Switching Vds At transition period from one state to another state of the switch, the voltage is zero, hence no losses D Vds(t) G Id(t) S Id ZVS t PWM t © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Switching Methodology Zero Voltage Switching : Eliminates V*I losses in switching device during transitions Reduces Noise in the system hence better EMI performance Eliminates MOSFET output capacitor (Coss) loss during switch Turn-ON Preferred in high voltage high power system © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Zero Current Switching At transition period from one state to another state of the switch, current is zero, hence no losses Ir(t) D Vds(t) G Vds S ZCS t PWM t © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Switching Methodology Zero Current Switching: Eliminates V*I losses in switching device during transitions Reduces Noise in the system hence better EMI performance Can be implemented at switch Turn ON as well as Turn OFF RMS Current through switch increases and therefore higher conduction losses © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Soft Switching Topologies Zero Transition Resonant Mode ZVT – Zero Voltage SRC – Series Resonant Transition PRC – Parallel Resonant LLC Resonant Full Bridge ZVT Converter +Vin +Vin Series Resonant Half Bridge Converter PWM1H PWM1L LR CR T1 PWM1H Vout L1 PWM1L Resonant Circuit © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Vout T1 L m PWM2H PWM2L Phase Shift Element 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Full-Bridge ZVT Converter © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Full-Bridge Converter +Vin PWM1H Ts PWM1L T1 L1 Ts/2 Vout PWM1H Ipri PWM1L Vpri ton t PWM1H PWM1L t Vpri Full bridge converter t Buck derived isolated converter Push Pull mode of PWM gate pulses Ipri Each half-bridge produces square wave voltage Duty cycle ratio controls the power flow Turn ON as well as Turn OFF losses in the MOSFET Popular for high power application © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 t Slide ‹#› Full-Bridge Phase Shift ZVT Converter +Vin PWM2H PWM1H T1 Ipri PWM1L L1 Vout Vpri PWM2L Full-bridge Phase Shift ZVT converter Complementary, fixed duty cycle PWM gate pulses Phase shift in gate pulse of two legs control the power flow Zero Voltage Switching, hence Turn ON losses in the MOSFET eliminates Parasitic of MOSFET and Transformer used to achieved ZVT A popular converter for very high power application © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Full-Bridge Phase Shift ZVT Converter A Vout T1 C A B E Ipri +Vin L1 D VT F C D B VT Right leg transition VT Terminates the power delivery interval Reflected load current is driving ZVS Transition is linear End of this period transformer primary is short circuited Ipri Left leg transition Begins after freewheeling state to initiate the power delivery Energy stored in the inductor drives the ZVS Transition is resonant and non linear © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Full-Bridge Phase Shift ZVT Converter The right leg transition period is given by: Time required to charge and discharge the output capacitor of MOSFET C and MOSFET D dt Cr dv Ip The left leg transition period is given by: Resonant time between L1 and output capacitor of MOSFET (A+B) dt 2 L1 Cr Where, dt = transition time Ip = primary current when the MOSFET D turns OFF L1 = Leakage inductance of transformer Cr = equivalent capacitor of MOSFET two MOSFET and transformer parasitic capacitor (Cxfmr) © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› ZVT Control Scheme Calculated Current Reference Voltage Reference + ∑ - Voltage Error Compensator + ∑ Current Error Compensator - PWM Phase S&H Current Feedback 1011001010 ZVT Xformer ZVT Current sense 1001011011 1001001001 S&H Voltage Feedback ADC Optocoupler S&H © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Vout Rectifier 11091 PS6 VOUT Sense Slide ‹#› Resources Required for Digital ZVT Converter Isolation Barrier VHV_BUS VOUT IZVT PWM FET Driver PWM PWM PWM FET Driver k2 FET Driver k1 ADC ADC Channel Channel ADC Channel PWM dsPIC30F2023 dsPIC30F2023 PWM UART RX © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. UART TX 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› ZVT Resource Allocation Signal Name Type of Signal dsPIC® DSC Resource Used IZVT1 Analog Input AN0 IZVT2 Analog Input AN2 VOUT UART Input U1RX ZVT Gate Drive Drive Outputs Sync. Rectifier Gate Drive Current Loop Trigger Voltage Loop Trigger Drive Outputs PWM1H, PWM1L PWM2H, PWM2L PWM3H, PWM3L © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. dsPIC® DSC Internal Signal dsPIC® DSC Internal Signal 11091 PS6 PWM1, PWM2 Triggers to Sample ZVT Current UART1 Slide ‹#› Agenda Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› ZVT Control Software © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› ZVT Software Overview ADC Conversions are initiated by the PWM Trigger Feature The Current Control Loop is Executed in the ADC Interrupt Routine Additional Check for Transformer Primary Current Balance to prevent Flux Walking The Voltage Loop is Executed from a UART Receive Interrupt Faults are handled by the PWM Module using the on-chip Analog Comparators © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the ZVT Software Start Initialization © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Initialize PWM Initialize ADC Setup Timers Setup UART Configure Interrupts Initialize Control Loop Variables Slide ‹#› Structure of the ZVT Software Start Initialization © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Initialize PWM Configure PWM Mode, Output Polarity, Period, Duty Cycle and Phase Shift Setup PWM Faults and Fault Thresholds Setup PWM Triggers 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the ZVT Software Start Initialization © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Initialize ADC Setup ADC Speed Configure desired ADC channels as analog inputs Choose ADC Trigger Sources Configure ADC Data Format Choose Simultaneous or Sequential Sampling 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the ZVT Software Start Configure Timers Use Timer to trigger Voltage Control Loop Initialization Configure UART Use UART to receive VOUT feedback signal Setup Interrupts PWM Interrupt for Fault Handling Timer Interrupt to trigger Voltage Control Loop ADC Interrupt to trigger Current Control Loop UART Receive Interrupt to Execute the Voltage Loop © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the ZVT Software Start Initialization Initialize Control Loop Variables Initialize PID Gain Terms in X-memory Initialize Measured signals in Y-memory Initialize pointers to Control Loop Inputs and Outputs © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the ZVT Software Start Initialization Enable Peripherals © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Enable Peripherals 11091 PS6 Enable Timers Enable UART Enable ADC Enable PWM Slide ‹#› Structure of the ZVT Software Start Check for Faults Initialization Enable Peripherals Fault Presen t? © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Fault Loop Fault Loop 11091 PS6 The PWM Module is setup to detect Faults and Shutdown all Outputs The PWM Fault Interrupt sets the Fault Flag The Main Routine Checks the Fault Flag The Fault Indicator LED is enabled Any other Fault Handling Routines can be placed in this loop Slide ‹#› Structure of the ZVT Software Start Initialization Check Input Voltage Check Temperature Power Management Routines Other Auxiliary Features Enable Peripherals Fault Presen t? Idle Loop (Normal Operation) © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Idle Loop (Low Priority) Fault Loop 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the ZVT Software Start ADC Interrupt (High Priority) Initialization ZVT Current Loop Enable Peripherals Fault Presen t? Idle Loop (Normal Operation) Fault Loop UART Interrupt (Medium Priority) ZVT Voltage Loop ADC Interrupt UART Interrupt © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 ZVT Current Measurements Check for Current Imbalance Current PID Calculations Update Phase Shift VOUT Measurement ZVT Voltage PID Calculations Update ZVT Current Reference Slide ‹#› Additional Guidelines for Primary side ® dsPIC DSC Software © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Full-Bridge Phase Shift ZVT Converter Phase Shift PWM1H Vout T1 PWM2H PWM1L E +Vin Ipri L1 PWM2H VT Duty Cycle F PWM1L PWM1H PWM2L PWM2L Ipri ZVT Current #1 Trigger Instant Trigger at start of PWM1H Pulse ZVT Current #2 Trigger Instant © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Trigger on PWM2H at (Duty Cycle + Phase Shift) Slide ‹#› Sequence of Current Loop Triggers ZVT Current 1 Trigger: Once every 8 ZVT cycles ZVT Current 2 Trigger: Once every 8 ZVT cycles ZVT Current 1 Trigger: Once every 8 ZVT cycles PWM1H PWM1L Phase Shift PWM2H PWM2L PWM4L Execute ZVT Current Loop #1 Sample and Convert AN0, AN1 Idle Loop Execute ZVT Current Loop #2 Idle Loop Sample and Convert AN2, AN3 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PFC Current Trigger: Once every 4 PFC cycles Execute ZVT Current Loop #1 Sample and Convert AN4, AN5 Idle Loop Sample and Convert AN0, AN1 Execute PFC Current Loop 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Time Management ZVT Current 2 Trigger: Once every 8 ZVT cycles ZVT Current 1 Trigger: Once every 8 ZVT cycles PWM1H PWM1L Phase Shift PWM2H PWM2L PWM3L Execute ZVT Current Loop #1 Sample and Convert AN0, AN1 Execute ZVT Current Loop #2 Idle Loop Sample and Convert AN2, AN3 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Idle time between execution of consecutive ZVT Current Loops should be large enough to prevent multiple simultaneous ADC Triggers Worst Case Condition is Maximum Phase Shift 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Time Management ZVT Current 2 Trigger: Once every 8 ZVT cycles ZVT Current 1 Trigger: Once every 8 ZVT cycles PWM1H PWM1L Phase Shift PWM2H PWM2L PWM3L PWM4L Execute ZVT Current Loop #1 Sample and Convert AN0, AN1 Idle Loop Execute ZVT Current Loop #2 Idle Loop Sample and Convert AN2, AN3 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PFC Current Trigger: Once every 4 PFC cycles Sample and Convert AN4, AN5 Execute PFC Current Loop 11091 PS6 The Idle time after execution of the second ZVT Current Loop should be enough to prevent multiple simultaneous ADC Triggers Worst Case condition is zero Phase Shift Slide ‹#› Time Management ZVT Current 2 Trigger: Once every 8 ZVT cycles ZVT Current 1 Trigger: Once every 8 ZVT cycles PWM1H PWM1L Phase Shift PWM2H PWM2L PWM3L PWM4L Execute ZVT Current Loop #1 Sample and Convert AN0, AN1 Idle Loop Execute ZVT Current Loop #2 Idle Loop Sample and Convert AN2, AN3 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PFC Current Trigger: Once every 4 PFC cycles The Idle time after PFC Current Loop Execution utilized for executing the Voltage Loops and auxiliary functions Sample and Convert AN4, AN5 Idle Loop Execute PFC Current Loop 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Control Loop Execution Error Signal PID Control Loop Kp Reference Input x(n) e(n) + + - Ki Σe(n) Kdde(n) /dn PID Command (correction) up(n) ui(n) + u(n) PWM y(n) ud(n) Measured Output u(n) = up(n) + ui(n) + ud(n) where, up(n) = Kp*e(n) ui(n) = Ki*[e(n) + e(n-1)] ud(n) = Kd*[e(n) - e(n-1)] © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Auxillary Tasks AC Input Voltage Measurement Check if Soft Start is required Temperature Measurement Communication Routines © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Demonstration #2 ZVT Operation © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Summary Power Factor Correction Overview of PFC Control Scheme for Digital PFC Structure of Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVS and ZCS and Full-Bridge Converter ZVT Phase Shift Converter Control Scheme for ZVT Converter Structure of Control Software Additional Guidelines for Primary Side dsPIC® DSC Control Software Time Management © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Agenda Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Multi-Phase Buck Converter © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Basic Theory of a Buck Converter Switch ON Step down converter Charging inductor IL IQ ILoad +Vin L1 Q1 Cin PWM D1 Vout Cout Iripple ON IL PWM Ton © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Toff Period 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Basic Theory of a Buck Converter Switch OFF Discharging inductor Step down converter IL ILoad +Vin L1 Q1 Cin PWM D1 ID Vout Cout Iripple OFF IL PWM Ton © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Toff Period 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› PWM Pulse Width vs. Buck Output Voltage Vout = Vin D Where: D = PWM dutycycle = Ton / (Ton +Toff) Note: range of duty cycle = 0 to 1 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Synchronous Buck Converter ILOAD + Iripple Q1 +Vin Vout L1 Q2 Cin PWMH PWML Cout ILOAD Iripple Period PWMH PWML Iripple © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Multi-Phase Buck Converter 3.3V Output 12V Input Q1 Q2 Drive Signals are Phase Shifted by 120° 120° 120° 120° Q1 Q3 Q4 Q3 Q5 Q5 Q6 © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. GND 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Why the Multi-phase Buck Converter? Each Phase is rated for less Power Semiconductor Devices have lower current rating Smaller MOSFETs usually mean better switching speed Higher Output Ripple Frequency decreases size of output filter Ripple magnitude is reduced © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› 5V Buck Converter Control Scheme Calculated Current Reference Vref + Buck Current sense Analog Comparator Voltage Reference + ∑ Voltage Error Compensator Current Limit Shutdown 1001011011 ADC © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Buck Inductor PWM Voltage Feedback VOUT 11091 PS6 VOUT Sense S&H Slide ‹#› 3.3V Buck Converter Control Scheme + Calculated Current Reference Vref Analog Comparator + Vref Analog Comparator Voltage Reference + Vref Buck Current sense 1 VOUT Buck Current sense 2 Phase 1 Inductor Buck Current sense 3 Analog Comparator + ∑ Voltage Error Compensator - Current Limit Shutdown Phase 2 Inductor Phase 3 Inductor PWM 1001011011 VOUT Sense Voltage Feedback ADC © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 S&H Slide ‹#› Resources Required for Digital Buck Converters I3.3V_1 12V Input I5V Analog ADC Comp. Channel dsPIC30F2023 UART TX © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. k6 k2 PWM PWM k1 FET Driver I3.3V_3 PWM PWM ADC Channel PWM PWM k7 FET Driver I3.3V_2 5V Output FET Driver 3.3V Output PWM PWM Analog Comp. Analog Comp. Analog Comp. ADC Channel 11091 PS6 FET Driver k3 k4 k5 Slide ‹#› Buck Converters Resource Allocation Signal Name Type of Signal dsPIC® DSC Resource Used I5V Analog Input CMP1A 5V Output Analog Input AN1 I3.3V_1 Analog Input CMP2A I3.3V_2 Analog Input CMP3A I3.3V_3 Analog Input CMP4A 3.3V Output Analog Input AN3 5V Buck Gate Drive Drive Outputs PWM4H, PWM4L © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Buck Converters Resource Allocation Signal Name Type of Signal dsPIC® DSC Resource Used 3.3V Buck Gate Drive Drive Outputs 5V Current Loop Trigger 3.3V Current Loop Trigger 12V Bus Sense dsPIC® DSC Internal Signal dsPIC® DSC Internal Signal Analog Input PWM1H, PWM1L PWM2H, PWM2L PWM3H, PWM3L PWM4 Trigger to Sample 5V Buck Voltage PWM1 Trigger to Sample 3.3V Buck Voltage AN5 12V Digital Feedback Temperature Sense UART Transmission Analog Input © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 U1TX AN8 Slide ‹#› Agenda Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Multi-Phase Buck Converter Control Software © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Multi-Phase Buck Converter Software Overview ADC Conversions are initiated by the PWM Trigger Feature Peak Current Control is implemented using the Analog Comparators Additional Check Desired for Current Imbalance between the three phases The Voltage and Current Loops are executed at the same speed The UART Transmission for 12V digital feedback is executed from a Timer Interrupt © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Initialization © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Initialize PWM Initialize ADC Initialize Analog Comparators Setup Timers Configure UART Configure Interrupts Initialize Control Loop Variables Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Initialization © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Initialize PWM Configure PWM Mode, Output Polarity, Period, Duty Cycle and Phase Shift Setup PWM Current Limit Sources Setup PWM Triggers 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Initialization © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Initialize ADC Setup ADC Speed Configure desired ADC channels as analog inputs Choose ADC Trigger Sources Configure ADC Data Format Choose Simultaneous or Sequential Sampling 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Initialization Initialize Analog Comparators Configure Correct Analog Comparator Inputs Choose Voltage Reference Source Setup Initial DAC Reference Choose Comparator Output Polarity © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Configure UART Use UART to transmit 12V Bus Data to Primary Side dsPIC® DSC Initialization Setup Interrupts PWM Interrupt for Fault Handling Timer Interrupt to trigger Voltage Control Loop ADC Interrupt to trigger Current Control Loop © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Initialization Initialize Control Loop Variables Initialize PID Gain Terms in X-memory Initialize Measured signals in Y-memory Initialize pointers to Control Loop Inputs and Outputs © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Initialization Enable Analog Comparators Enable ADC Enable PWM Enable UART Enable Peripherals © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Enable Peripherals 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Check for Faults Initialization Enable Peripherals Fault Presen t? © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Fault Loop Fault Loop 11091 PS6 The PWM Module is setup to detect Faults and Shutdown all Outputs The PWM Fault Interrupt sets the Fault Flag The Main Routine Checks the Fault Flag The Fault Indicator LED is enabled Any other Fault Handling Routines can be placed in this loop Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Initialization Transmit 12V Bus Data Power Management Routines Check Temperature Other Auxiliary Features Enable Peripherals Fault Presen t? Idle Loop (Normal Operation) © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Idle Loop (Low Priority) Fault Loop 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start Initialization ADC Interrupt (High Priority) Buck Current Loop Enable Peripherals Fault Presen t? Idle Loop (Normal Operation) VOUT Measurement Calculate Current Reference Update Analog Comparator DAC References Fault Loop ADC Interrupt © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Structure of the Multi-Phase Buck Software Start ADC Interrupt (High Priority) Initialization Buck Current Loop Enable Peripherals VOUT Measurement Calculate Current Reference Update Analog Comparator DAC References Fault Presen t? Idle Loop (Normal Operation) Fault Loop Timer Interrupt (Medium Priority) Buck Voltage Loop ADC Interrupt Transmit 12V Digital Feedback Signal Timer Interrupt © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Sequence of Current Loop Triggers 5V Buck Voltage Trigger 3.3V Buck Voltage Trigger 3.3V Buck Voltage Trigger 5V Buck Voltage Trigger 5V Buck Voltage Trigger 3.3V Buck Voltage Trigger PWM1H PWM1L PWM2H PWM2L PWM3H PWM3L PWM4H PWM4L Execute 5V Buck Control Loop Sample and Convert AN1 Execute 5V Buck Control Loop Idle Loop Sample and Convert AN3 Execute 3.3V Buck Control Loop Idle Loop © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Execute 5V Buck Control Loop Sample Idle and Loop Convert AN1 Sample and Convert AN3 11091 PS6 Execute 3.3V Buck Control Loop Idle Loop Sample Idle and Convert Loop AN1 Execute 3.3V Buck Control Loop Sample and Convert AN3 Slide ‹#› Sequence of Current Loop Triggers 5V Buck Voltage Trigger 3.3V Buck Voltage Trigger 5V Buck Voltage Trigger PWM1H PWM1L PWM2H PWM2L PWM3H PWM3L PWM4H PWM4L Execute 5V Buck Control Loop Sample and Convert AN1 Execute 5V Buck Control Loop Idle Loop Sample and Convert AN3 Execute 3.3V Buck Control Loop Current Loop Execution must finish before next ADC Trigger Idle Loop © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Sequence of Current Loop Triggers 5V Buck Voltage Trigger 3.3V Buck Voltage Trigger 5V Buck Voltage Trigger PWM1H PWM1L PWM2H PWM2L PWM3H PWM3L PWM4H PWM4L Execute 5V Buck Control Loop Sample and Convert AN1 Execute 5V Buck Control Loop Idle Loop Sample and Convert AN3 Execute 3.3V Buck Control Loop Perform Auxiliary Tasks during the Idle Times Idle Loop © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Control Loop Execution Error Signal PID Control Loop Kp Reference Input x(n) e(n) + + - Ki Σe(n) Kdde(n) /dn PID Command (correction) up(n) ui(n) + u(n) PWM y(n) ud(n) Measured Output u(n) = up(n) + ui(n) + ud(n) where, up(n) = Kp*e(n) ui(n) = Ki*[e(n) + e(n-1)] ud(n) = Kd*[e(n) - e(n-1)] © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Auxillary Tasks 12V Bus Voltage Measurement Communication Routines Load Sharing Routines Temperature Measurement Power Management Routines © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Demonstration #3 High Power Operation © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› PFC Sinusoidal Reference Voltage Reference + ∑ Sinusoidal Reference can be generated using a lookup table in software Rectified AC Mains Voltage Voltage Error Compensator X - + ∑ Vout Current Error Compensator PFC Choke PWM - Sync signal for detecting Zero Crossings Current Feedback Voltage Feedback PFC Current sense 1011001010 1001011011 ADC © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. S&H 11091 PS6 VOUT Sense S&H Slide ‹#› HV Bias Supply +13V High Voltage Bus (400V) LIVE_GND Live Digital Supply +7V LIVE_GND Live Drive Supply +HV_BUS +17V Digital Supply GND +7V Drive Supply Energy Efficient Switching Converter GND D TNY277 -HV_BUS © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. F/B Bias Supplies S 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› DSC to DSC Communication © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. dsPIC30F2023 Perform status checks Report Fault Conditions to protect Hardware Implement Data Logging and Remote Monitoring 11091 PS6 Isolation Barrier Secondary (Isolated) Side U1RX U1T X U1TX U1RX Slide ‹#› dsPIC30F2023 Primary (Live) Side Power Supply Sequencing sequential simultaneous V 5.0v 3.3v V 5.0v 3.3v T T offset ratio metric V 5.0v V 3.3v 5.0v 3.3v T T Choose method that meets system requirements © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Output Protection Schemes A number of protection schemes can be implemented Constant Current Limiting Constant Power Limiting Output Over-voltage Shutdown Input Under-voltage Shutdown All shutdown schemes can be configured for immediate or delayed shutdown © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Remote Monitoring Capability Isolation Barrier Rectified Sinusoidal Voltage EMI Filter and Bridge Rectifier 400Vdc 12Vdc Synchronous ZVT Converter PFC Boost Converter ZVT Full-Bridge Converter Multi-Phase Buck Converter 3.3Vdc 69A Single-Phase Buck Converter 5Vdc 23A Synchronous Rectifier 85-265Vac 45-65Hz dsPIC 30F2023 OptoCoupler dsPIC 30F2023 +V GND SDA SCK PICkit™ Serial Analyzer Power monitoring can be implemented using a Serial I2C™ interface provided on the Secondary (Isolated) side © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Load Sharing Issues Multiple power modules share load Component and wiring differences cause some modules to work harder than others The heavily loaded modules get hotter and reliability drops causing failures – Domino Effect Buck Phase 1 Load Equalization Routine © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Buck Phase 2 Load Buck Phase 3 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Benefits of Digital Control Reduce Component Count Flexibility of Design Flexibility of Control Protect Intellectual Property Implement non-linear and adaptive control Control Multiple Stages Error logging capability Flexible Fault handling © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Summary Overview of AC/DC Reference Design AC/DC Reference Design Architecture Power Factor Correction PFC Control Software Zero Voltage Transition ZVT Control Software Multi-phase Buck Converters Multi-phase Buck Control Software Enhanced Features © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› AC/DC Reference Design Availability Q4 2007 Contact Local Sales office for more information Visit Microchip’s Intelligent Power Supply Design Center for our full product offering www.microchip.com/smps © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› References C.K. Tse, “Circuit Theory of Power Factor Correction in switching converters” A. Hofmann, A.Baumuller, T. Gerhardt, M. Marz, E. Schimanek, “A robust digital PFC control method suitable for low-cost microcontroller” L. Rossetto, G.Spiazzi, P. Tenti, “Control Techniques for Power Factor Correction Converters” L.Rossetto, G.Spiazzi, “Design Considerations on Current-Mode and Voltage-Mode control methods for Half-Bridge Converters” W.Gu, J.Abu-Qahouq, S.Luo, I.Batarseh, “A ZVT-PWM single stage PFC converter with an active snubber” M. Brown, “Power Supply Cookbook” M. Kazimierczuk, D. Czarkowski, “Resonant Power Converters” © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Development Tools Used in this Class Hardware Tools AC/DC Reference Design (not released) MPLAB® REAL ICE™ Emulator (DV244005) MPLAB ICD2 (DV164005) Software Tools MPLAB IDE 7.61 (SW007002) MPLAB C30 v3.01 (SW006012) © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#› Trademarks The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, Accuron, dsPIC, KeeLoq, KeeLoq logo, microID, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART, PRO MATE, rfPIC and SmartShunt are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. AmpLab, FilterLab, Linear Active Thermistor, Migratable Memory, MXDEV, MXLAB, SEEVAL, SmartSensor and The Embedded Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, CodeGuard, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, dsPICworks, ECAN, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPLAB Certified logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, PICkit, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICLAB, PICtail, PowerCal, PowerInfo, PowerMate, PowerTool, REAL ICE, rfLAB, Select Mode, Smart Serial, SmartTel, Total Endurance, UNI/O, WiperLock and ZENA are trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. © 2007 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 11091 PS6 Slide ‹#›