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Battery 101
Trojan Battery Company
Types of Construction
Lead Acid
Flooded
Maintenance
Free
Lead Calcium
• Deep Cycle 50%
• 100 - 300 Cycles
Maintenance
Lead Antimony
• Deep Cycle 80%
• 300 - 1000 Cycles
Sealed
(Valve Regulated)
Absorbed Glass
Mat (AGM)
Lead Calcium
• High Power
• Deep Cycle 50%
• 50 - 250 Cycles
Gelled
Lead Calcium
• Immobilized
Electrolyte
• Low Power
• Deep Cycle 80%
•200 -500 Cycles
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Terminology
Watts = Volts x Amps = POWER
Watt-hours = Volts x Amps x Time (hours) =
ENERGY
Amp-Hours = Amps x Time(hours)
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How a Lead Acid Battery Works
Discharge
PbO2 +
Pbo
+
2PbSO4 + 2H2O
2H2SO4
Charge
(Positive)
(Negative)
(Black/Dark
Brown)
(Gray)
(Lead
Peroxide)
(Sponge
Lead)
(Electrolyte)
(Lead Sulfate) (Water)
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Definitions
Voltage (V) = Electromotive force
(potential of battery)
-
+
6.3V
•Open Circuit Voltage?
•Under Load Voltage?
•12V vs. 6V?
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2.1 Volt Cells
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Voltage Relationships
Open Circuit Voltage  Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity  State of Charge
Specific Gravity + 0.845 = Open Circuit Voltage
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Open Circuit Voltage
OCV or VOC: Voltage measurement made after
24 hours of battery rest (no load).
OCV vs. State of Charge (SOC)
Charge
Level
Specific
Gravity
Voltage
(12)
Voltage
(6)
100%
75%
50%
25%
Discharged
1.277
1.227
1.172
1.111
1.098
12.72
12.42
12.12
11.76
11.58
6.4
6.2
6.1
5.9
5.8
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Typical Discharge Curve
at a Constant Discharge Current
Resistance
Voltage
Drop
Open Circuit Voltage
Voltage Under Load
Voltage
Coup De Fouet
End of Discharge
Voltage
1.75 - 1.70 VPC
Measured Capacity
IEICC
Time 
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Deep cycle
7 - 10
Amps/100AH
(C20*)
Charge Current
2.45 - 2.70 VPC*
1-3
Amps/100AH
(C20*)
2.05 - 2.25
Volts per cell
(80% DoD*)
Charge Voltage
Charge Time 
IEICC
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Series/Parallel Circuits


In a Series Circuit, Voltage is additive, Current stays the
same
Example: 2 T-605’s in series = 12 volts @ 190 AH
In a Parallel Circuit, Current is additive, Voltage stays the
same
Example: 2 T-605’s in parallel = 6 volts @ 380 AH
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Definitions
Series Circuit
+
12V
-
+
+
• Voltage is additive
• Current is equal
-
-
(12V, 220 AH)
+
+
Parallel Circuit
+
6V
-
• Voltage is equal
• Current is additive
-
(6V, 440 AH)
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Battery Capacity
A battery’s capacity is the amount of electricity
the battery can provide to the load and is
dependent upon the rate (speed) at which the
battery is discharged.
20 hour rating
8 hour rating
6 hour rating
3 hour rating
1 hour rating
= 100% Capacity
= 88% Capacity
= 84% Capacity
= 74% Capacity
= 59% Capacity
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Amp Draw Vs. Run Time (Hours)
240
210
180
200
150
160
120
120
90
AH Rating
Discharge Current (A)
240
80
60
40
30
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Discharge Time (hrs.)
16
18
20
AH Rating
Discharge
Rate
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Temperature vs. Capacity
140
%
Capacity
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
Temperature (°F)
IEICC
100
120
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Generic “Smart” Charge Curve
Voltage
(VPC)
Current
(A)
current
C20/5
2.60
2.37
voltage
C20/50
20%
80%
State of Charge (%)
IEICC
100%
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Stratification
Specific gravity gradient that may result from
ineffective overcharging.
1.080
Normal Sp.G. = 1.277
(Full Charge)
1.400
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SAFETY

Protect eyes and skin from exposure to electrolyte.

Don’t smoke when working around batteries or while
charging.

Insulate tools to prevent shorting across the posts.

Use good lifting mechanics when moving and installing
batteries.
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SAFETY

Neutralize acid spills with baking soda or
soda ash, IMMEDIATELY.

Ventilate during charging to prevent gas
build-up.

Charge with vent caps securely in place.

When in doubt, contact your dealer.