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Kingdom Animalia Review the Kingdoms • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae The Nature of Animals • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic • Sexual reproduction • Movement (some) • Specialization and organization (some) Origin and Classification • From the sea • Colonial Protista • Phylogeny based on morphology Animal Bodies • Body Symmetry – No symmetry – Radial – Bilateral Germ Layers • Fundamental tissue types found in the embryo – Ectoderm – Mesoderm – Endoderm Body Cavities • Acoelomate • Pseudocoelomate • Coelomate – Fluid-filled space that forms between the digestive tract and the outer wall – Aids in movement, reservoir for transporting nutrients and wastes Animal Kingdom -- 11 Phyla • Porifera • Cnidaria • Ctenophora • Platyhelminthes • Nematoda • Rotifera • Annelida • Mollusca • Arthropoda • Echinodermata • Chordata Animal Phylogeny Tree Porifera • • • • • • • • Aquatic sponge Sessile as adults 1 cm-2 m diameter No symmetry Collar cells Spongin osculum Spicules – Calcium carbonate – Silica dioxide • Filter feeding • Regeneration, budding, larva and internal fertilization Cnidarians • Examples: Hydra, jellyfish • • • • • • and coral Radial symmetry Tissues and simple organs Fresh and Ocean Medusa & Polyp forms Cnidocyte w/ nematocyst Nerve net • Polyp • • medusa cnidocyte Ctenophora • Example: Comb jelly or sea walnut • Marine • Rows of beating cilia • Colloblasts for defense • Apical organ • Bioluminescence Platyhelminthes • • • • • • • Flatworms Three germ layers Bilateral symmetry Acoelomate Diffusion Hermaphrodites Classes – Turbellaria • Free living • flame cells – Trematoda • flukes – Cestoda • tapeworms Nematoda • Examples: Ascaris, • • • • • • • Hookworm, Trichinella and Pinworms Bilateral symmetry Roundworms Free living and parasitic Pseudocoelomate Mouth Anus Separate sexes Cuticle Rotifera • • • • Free living Transparent Pseudocoelomate Mouth Anus Annelida • • • • • • • Little rings Segmentation Bilaterial symmetry Mouth anus Closed circulatory system hermaphrodites Classes – Oligochaeta • earthworm – Polychaeta • bristled worms – Hirudinea • leeches Earthworm Internal Anatomy Mollusca • Examples: Clam, snail, slug, • • • • • • octopus Coelomates Soft-bodied Mantle cavity Radula Chromatophores Groups – Gastropod – Bivalve – cephalopod Arthropoda • • • • • • Bilateral coelomates Jointed appendages Exoskeleton – chitin Compound eye Molting Groups – – – – Trilobita Crustacea Chelicerata Uniramian Echinodermata • Marine invertebrate • Sea star, sea urchin, brittle star, sea • • • • • cucumber and sand dollar Pentaradial symmetry No cephalization Water vascular system Tube feet Cardiac and pyloric stomach Chordata • Invertebrates and • Vertebrates Characteristics – Notochord – Dorsal hollow nerve cord – Pharyngeal pouches – Post anal tail – These are present at some time in the developmental process Vertebrate Classes • • • • • • • Agnatha – Jawless fish Chondrichthyes – Cartilage and unique scales Osteichthyes – bony fish Amphibia – double life (aquatic and land) Reptilia – egg layers Aves – wing Mammalia – hair and mammary gland Evolution • Vertebrates 550 million years • Origin of Jaws 440 million years The Fishes • Jawless Cartilage Bony • Life in Water – – – – Streamline body Dense tail muscle Gill lung Swim bladder • Homeostasis – Kidney function • Sensory Functions – Lateral line system Agnatha • • • • • • • • • • • Jawless fish Lack paired fins No plates or scales Cartilage No swim bladder Lateral line Ectothermic External fertilization Two chambered heart Gills Hagfish and Lamprey Chondrichthyes • • • • • • • • • • • Cartilage skeleton Placoid scales Paired fins No swim bladder Lateral line Ectothermic Internal fertilization Two chambered heart Gills Triangular teeth Shark, Ray, Skate Osteichthyes • • • • • • • • • • • • Bony fish Lateral line Two chambered heart Lung swim bladder Operculum with gills Scales Paired fins Ectothermic External fertilization Spawning Lobe and Ray fins Amphibia • Ectotherm • Gills lungs • vascular skin – – Respiration protection – Separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood • Three chambered heart • • • • Bony skeleton Digestive system External fertilization Metamorphosis • Evolution 370 million years ago • Lobed fin moved over land • Challenges – Water availability – Air temperature – New habitats – Climate shifts • Homologous structures? • Orders of Amphibians – Urodela – salamander – Anura – frogs and toads – Apoda - caecilians External Frog Anatomy Internal Frog Anatomy Reptilia • Evolved from amphibians – Greater modifications – Cortex region of brain – Three chambered heart w/ partial divided ventricle • Water freedom – – – – Water tight skin Copulatory organ Kidney Amniote egg • The Amniotic Egg • Orders – Crocodilia • Crocodile • Alligator – Chelonia • Turtles – Tuatara – Squamata • Lizards and Snakes Aves • Evolved from reptiles • • • • • • • • – Only 150 million years ago Horny beak, scaly leg, egg laying Feathers Wing Low weight – high power Hollow bones Four chambered heart Endotherms Migration Mammalia • Origin from small, hairless • reptile Traits – – – – – – – Brain capacity Milk secreting gland Hair Dentition for dietary habits Four chambered heart Diaphragm Endotherm • Orders – Monotremata • Duckbilled platypus • Spiny anteater – Marsupial • Pouched animals • Australia and New Zealand – Placental • Young nourished • within uterus placenta
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