Download Cardiovascular System

Reproduction & Development
(PB Lecture18 – Spring 2008 Althoff, reference Ch. 36)
•
•
•
Animal
Reproduction
Human
Reproduction
Animal
Development
Modes of Reproduction

______________
budding (in Hypha)
parthenogenesis (in some insects, lizards,
salamanders)
spontaneous fission (planaria)

_____________

“true” hermaphoditism (rare, few insects)
_____________
fertilization—union of gametes from two
different individuals
HYDRA LIFE CYCLE
BUDDING….
by Hydra (who also
carrying on sexual reproduction)
Asexual Reproduction


____________________--females (of some
species) reproduce without
fertilization…resulting in haploid offspring.
Some species can do this AND sexual
reproduction
example: Aphids can do both: no
wasted energy or
gametes in midst of plenty
Aphid “taps” into phloem tissue of plants
(the “sugar” pipeline)….so, rich source of energy and
other nutrients allows for optimum production of
young…without having to find a mate !!!!
Some species… it is a ________ world only,
thus, considered _________species


FISH: mollies and platies
LIZARDS: whiptails
Planaria
Spontaneous
(binary)
fission
Sexual Reproduction: the norm among
Animalia species



Some species have “both sets” of sex organs
(hermaphroditic: earthworms example)
Just one set of sex organs (
or ) is the norm
Two basic categories:
______________ fertilization—most primitive
______________ fertilization—most advanced
Human Reproduction

Reproductive system consists of 2 components:
(1) _______: testes or ovaries which produce
gametes and sex hormones
(2) ________________:
a) males: conduct (move) gametes
b) females: house embryo/fetus
PROSTATE
GLAND








testes
epididymis
vas deferens
bulbourethral
gland
prostrate
gland
seminal
vesicle
urethra
penis
Bladder
SEMINAL
VESICLE
Urethra
B.G.
VAS DEFERENS
PENIS
TESTIS
EPIDIDYMIS
Semen

Combination of _________ + secretions from 3
glands:
1) seminal vesicles: thick, viscous fluid
containing _________ for possible use
by sperm
2) prostrate gland: milky, ________ fluid that
a) activates/increases sperm motility
b) protects sperm in vagina’s low pH
(3.8 to 4.5) environment
3) bulbourethral glands: muscous secretions
with a ____________ effect (some preejaculate fluid)
TESTES: site of gamete production,
“__________” environment
EPIDIDYMUS
TESTIS
SEMINIFEROUS
TUBULES
Site of
gamete production
(_________ occurs here)
SPERMP
MITOCHONDRIA
____________
(a lysosome)
OVIDUCT
OVARY
UTERUS
CERVIX
VAGINA
occurs at
this
stage
OVARIAN
CYCLE
28-days in humans
here
OVARY
site of
oogenesis
does NOT
take place in
the ovary!
Developing, ovulating,
…and gone!
5
4
6 7
3
The
ovary
2
1
Follicle  Ovulation  Evidence of Ovulation
 New __________ containing primary oocyte
 Developing follicle
 Mature follicle with secondary oocyte
 ______________ – egg erupts from ovary into
oviduct…”ruptured follicle remains
 Egg goes into oviduct, “that” follicle is done for
life. But, if pregnancy occurs it will become a
_________________ (easily detected) producing
primarily ______________
 & 7 No pregnancy, then “that” corpora luteum
reduces in size and quits producing progesterone
Menstrual Cycle - Under hormonal control

GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - lutenizing hormone
 ESTROGEN


PROGESTERONE
WHERE DO THESE HORMONES COME FROM?





________ (HT)
_______ (AP)
______ (AP)
___________(OV)
_______________
(OV)
HT =hypothalamus
AP = anterior pituitary
OV = ovary (oocyte
folliclecorpus
luteum
HORMONE CONCENTRATION
0
14
DAY OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
28
HORMONE CONCENTRATION
0
14
DAY OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
28
menstruation
THICKNESS
Uterine
lining
0
14
DAY OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
28
Post - ovulation
1) SECONDARY OOCYTE (EGG)
enters OVIDUCT with action by
fimbriae
2) sperm “meets” egg somewhere in
oviduct resulting in _______________
3) ___________ results, and travels on
4) ______________ develops and
implants in the _________________
5) _____________ develops into ________
= when 3 germs layers
have formed. Occurs 3rd week of development
GERM LAYERS  specific tissues/organs
Embryonic layer Adult tissue
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Human embryo at beginning of week 5
SOMITES
The PLACENTA – the most ______________
“support” structure for development
PLACENTA



Maternal blood and fetal blood never mix…
because exchange occurs across the
___________________
Chorionic villi: ______________  fetal side
______________  maternal side
Risk: harmful chemicals moving across placenta
to fetal side…
_______________ during EMBRYONIC (0-90
days) stage because various structure first
forming
OTHER TIMES (including 3-9 months)
different organs “at risk” because they develop
at different times during pregnancy