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Sexual Reproduction -involves 2 parents -Involves the process of meiosis Background Vocabulary: - gametes – sex cells – sperm and egg - gonads – sex organs/glands – testes and ovaries - zygote – fertilized egg egg + sperm = zygote - meiosis – process by which sex cells develop - gametogenesis, oogenesis, & spermatogenesis - diploid (2n) – normal # of chromosomes (46 – human) - haploid or monoploid (n) – ½ the # of chromosomes (23 – human) Meiosis – results: 4 daughter cells with ½ the number of chromosomes Meiosis – result 4 daughter cells ½ the # of chromosomes Gamete Formation (Gametogenesis) Spermatogenesis - testes produce sperm - primary sex cell meiosis 4 monoploid cells - each usually matures into a motile sperm cell Result 4 motile sperm – 4/4 Oogenesis - ovaries produce eggs (ovum/ova) - ovum: larger, non-motile - only 1 monoploid ovum usually forms - other 3 – polar bodies – die - unequal cytoplasmic division Result: 1 egg and 3 polar bodies Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Zygote Formation - zygote fertilized egg - sperm + egg = zygote (fertilized egg) - process is called fertilization - recombination occurs (genes from mom and dad come together) - chromosomes from both parents recombine – increases variety Fertilization Zygote Cleavage Internal Fertilization - fertilization occurs inside the female - usually terrestrial (land) organisms - few eggs produced - protected - could have either internal (mammals) or external (birds) development External Fertilization - fertilization occurs outside the body of the female - usually aquatic (water) organisms - many eggs – ensure survival - only external development Embryo Formation - the zygote divides by mitosis (cleavage) to an embryo form - zygote embryo – divisions by mitosis (cleavage) - Gastrulationembryo forms layers - Differentiation occurs cells become different - take on their own identity (hair cell, skin cell, etc.) Embryo Formation – zygote morula(solid ball) blastula (hollow ball) gastrula (3 germ layers – endoderm mesoderm, ectoderm) Fertilization Sperm + egg = zygote Cleavage mitosis Differentiation – Cells become different or specialized • Ectoderm (Outer Layer): Skin & Nerves • Mesoderm (Middle Layer): Muscles & Blood Vessels • Endoderm (Inner Layer): Digestive Tract Sequence of events in sexual reproduction: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Meiosis Fertilization Mitosis (Cleavage) Gastrulation Differentiation Male Reproductive System Male Reproductive System 2 major functions: 1. Make sperm 2. Deposit in female (internal fertilization) Structures and Functions: 1. Testes: Male gonads a. Sperm and testosterone production b. Location scrotum – keeps sperm 1 – 2 degrees cooler than normal body temperature 2. Vas Deferens: a. tube that connects testes to urethra b. sperm transported here c. along the way secretions from 3 glands are picked up to make semen. 3. Semen: sperm + fluids 4. Testosterone: hormone secreted by testes, regulates development of secondary sex characteristics. Male Reproductive System – Frontal View Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Structures and Functions 1. Ovaries: a. female gonads b. produce eggs (meiosis – oogenesis) c. eggs enclosed in follicles d. once a month egg is ovulated (released – into fallopian tube) 2. Fallopian Tubes (oviducts): a. connects ovary to uterus b. fertilization here 3. Uterus: a. implantation here (embryo embeds itself into uterine wall b. development from embryo to fetus here 4. Vagina: a. birth canal (menstruate through here too) 5. Estrogen and progesterone: a. female hormones (ovaries) b. regulate secondary sex characteristics c. menstrual cycle Menstrual Cycle Background information: -series of changes in ovaries and uterus -Begins at puberty -Temporarily stops during pregnancy -Menopause – cycle stops permanently Stages of the Menstrual Cycle Stages of the Menstrual Cycle (Lasts about 28 days) A. Stage 1: Follicle Stage (10 days) a. Pituitary FSH b. Ovaries estrogen – thickens uterus c. Egg matures in follicle – swells B. Stage 2: Ovulation (1 day – stays in tube 2 – 3 days) a. Pituitary LH b. egg released from follicle C. Stage 3: Corpus Luteum Stage (~ 14 days) a. Follicle dies – forms a “scar” corpus luteum b. Corpus luteum progesterone c. Causes uterine lining to stay thick D. Stage 4: Menstruation (4 days) a. egg not fertilized – uterine lining breaks down Internal Development: Placental Mammals - development inside the female - gestation- time period between fertilization and birth 1. Placenta: a. Forms in uterus b. Feeds fetus - nutrition c. Exchanges gases for fetus – respiration d. Rids fetus of wastes – excretion e. No direct connection of bloodstreams between mother and fetus (Diffusion occurs across the blood vessels) Placenta 2. Umbilical Cord: a. attaches placenta to fetus b. food, wastes, gases, travel through here 3. Amniotic Sac: a. filled with amniotic fluid b. protects fetus Multiple embryo’s: Identical twins: 1 sperm 1 egg splits same placenta/sac Fraternal twins: 2 eggs 2 sperm separate sacs and placenta R e s u l t 1 P a g e : 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 N 7 weeks - Brain has the first detectable brain waves, muscles develop and get stronger 8 weeks - Eyes are well-developed, Fingers lengthen while distinct grooves (digital rays) form between the fingers 12 weeks - Fetus begins to move around, though the mother cannot yet sense these movements. 14 weeks - Fetus is more flexible with ability to move head, mouth, lips, arms, wrists, hands, legs, feet, and toes. 18 weeks - Fetus has phases of sleep and waking and may prefer a favorite sleep position, temporary hair called lanugo appears on the head 20 weeks - Fetus may suck on thumb. Extremely rapid brain growth; eyebrows and scalp hair become more visible and fetus blinks more often. 24 weeks - Fetal brain waves begin to activate auditory and visual systems, both mouth and lips show more sensitivity. Eyes respond to light, while ears respond to sounds originating outside uterus. 32 weeks - Eyes open during alert times and close during sleep. Eye color is usually blue, regardless of the permanent color as pigmentation is not fully developed. Fingernails reach over finger tips and fetus can scratch itself. 40 weeks Vaginal Delivery Cesarean Delivery (C-section) Artificial Insemination: sperm artificially inserted into female. In Vitro Fertilization: fertilization occurs in a petri dish, then implanted in the uterus. Amnioscentesis: removal of amniotic fluid from the sac during gestation chromosomes analyzed for genetic disorders