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Anthropologist Ruth Benedict 1887 - 1948 The Landscape of Ethics Objectivism There is an objective standard Subjectivism There is no objective standard Morality • “Morality” a term for socially approved customs • Relative to culture • Moral Behavior: society categorizes as “normal” Normalcy: Culturally Defined Which is Benedict doing? Descriptive Prescriptive Morality Descriptively: code of conduct put forward or accepted by a group or individual Morality Normatively: prescribing a code of conduct Cultural Relativism Ethical Relativism Dilemma God Society Argument by Analogy Analogy Language Morality • What do we find in the case of language when we look at the world and different cultures? Argument by Analogy Language/Morals Language Morals 1. great numbers of possible phonic articulations 2. possibility of language depends upon a selection and standardization 3. selection is a non rational and subconscious process which goes on in groups for a long period of time and is historically conditioned by innumerable accidents of isolation or contact 1. great numbers of possible behaviors 2. possibility of organized behavior depends upon a selection and standardization 3. selection a non rational and subconscious process which goes on in groups for a long period of time and is historically conditioned by innumerable accidents of isolation or contact Possible Phonic Articulations Possible Behaviors Selection & Standardization good хороший buono bueno Annie Oakley 1889 Historical Accident
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