Download Kingdom Protista

PROTISTS
Protist classification
• eukaryotic
• mostly unicellular
• The protist kingdom is a “dumping ground”
–includes organisms that have exceptions to the many rules that
scientists attempt to apply to them.
Kingdom Protista
Animal like -- Protozoa (zooplankton)
Plant like-- Alga (phytoplankton)
Fungi like -- Slime and Water Molds
Protozoa
• Heterotrophic (eat dead things or other
organisms)
• No cell walls
• Are all capable of asexual reproduction
usually by binary fission
What distinguishes these?
By
locomotion
Animal-like Protists-Protozoa
Phylum Sarcodinian -move with pseudopods
-ex. amoebas (& foraminifera and radiolaria)
-One type of amoeba causes dysentery.
Phylum Ciliphora - ciliates (cilia)
-ex Paramecium, Blepharisma, Stentor & Vorticella.
Phylum Zooflagellates - flagellates also called zoomastigina.
Many cause disease in humans.
-ex Trypanosoma which causes African s.s.; or Giardia
Phylum Sporozoa -nonmotile, spore bearing,
-all parasitic
-ex. Plasmodium which causes malaria.
Sarcodinian
• Locomotion:
– pseudopodia all
– allows for great flexibility
• Types (life styles)
– Amoeba
marine/terres/parasitic
• Distinctive feature
– Ameobiod movement
– Cytoplasmic streaming
Sarcodinian
Nucleus
Water Vacuole
Food vacuole
Pseudopodia
Contractile Vacuole
• Examples
(not shown)
– Amoeba proteus
– Entamoeba hixtolyca (causes amoebic dysentery)
Ciliaphorans
• Locomotion
– cilia
• Lifestyle
– most free living
– aquatic
• Distinctive feature
– two nuclei
• macro: boss
• micro: sex. repro
• Examples
– Paramecium
– Stentor, Vorticella
– Blepherisma
Cilliates
Oral groove
Paramecium Conjugaton
Zooflagellates
(zoomastigote)
• Locomotion
– flagella
• Lifestyle
– most free-living
– some parasitic
• Distinctive features
– most carried by vectors
– from reservoir
• Examples
– Trypanosoma African s.s.
– Giardia
Vector
• An organism
– usually an arthropod or mollusca
• Carries a pathogen
– without being effected by it
• Example : Bubonic plague
– Flea carries the disease
Flagellates
Sporozoans
(Apicomplexians)
• Locomotion
– none (flagella in some
phases)
• Lifestyle
– all parasitic
• Examples
– Plasmodium vivax
• causes Malaria
– Toxoplasma gondii
• causes toxoplasmosis
Sporozoans
Mosquito Facts
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mosquitoes are responsible for more
human death than any other living
creature.
Male mosquitoes do not bite. The real
risk is from female mosquitoes which
bite when in search of a blood meal to
provide protein for their eggs.
Most adult mosquitoes live for about two
weeks.
There are over 2,500 species of
mosquitoes in the world.
The welts that appear after a mosquito
leaves isn't from the bite - it's an allergic
reaction to saliva the mosquito injected
under the skin to prevent the blood from
clotting
Mosquitoes like dark areas and will suck
the juice out of plants in order to live including tree leaves, grass, shrubs, etc
Algae
Plant like Protists
• Autotrophic (all have chlorophyll a)
• Have cell wall
• Alga are divided by pigments, cell wall types,
and food storage compounds
FYI
• Thallus - body portion of an algae
• Blue green algae are not protists at all-- they are Cyanobacteria, a moneran (lab)
• Watch the green algae, because of their similarities with them, they are probably
the ancestors of modern plants
Algae: Plant-like Protists
Unicellular
• Phylum
Euglenophyta
– Euglena
• Phylum Chyrsophyta
(Bacillariophyta)
– golden algae
– diatoms
• Phylum Pyrrophyta
– fire algae
– Dinoflagellates
Multicellular
• Phylum Rhodophyta
– red algae
– red seaweed.
• Phylum Phaeophyta
– brown algae
– kelp
• Phylum Chlorophyta
– green algae
– Volvox
Chlorophyta
“green algae”
• Pigments (like plants)
– chl a,b
– carotenoids
• Cell wall = cellulose (like plants)
• Storage = starch (like plants)
•
•
•
•
Ancestors of plants
Can be unicellular, filimentous, colonial, and multicellular
Motile - uni and colonial
Habitat – fresh water
Algae Structure
• Unicellular
– single cell
– phytoplankton
• Filamentous
– the cells divide but do not separate causing
long strands
– cells do not differentiate
• Colonial
– groups of cells acting in a coordinated
manner
• Multicellular
– Some differentiation
Example 1 of Chlorophyta
“green algae”
Chlamydomonos
- Unicellular
- Motile, Flagellated
Example #2 of
Chlorophyta
“green algae”
• Spirogyra
• Filimentous
- the cells divide
but do not separate
causing long
strands
-cells do not
differentiate
Example #3 of
Chlorophyta
“green algae”
• Volvox ,
Pandorina
• Colonial:
Cells have
different roles
– flagellated cells
– photosynthetic
– gametocytes
Cells not trully
differentiated
Example #4 of
Chlorophyta
“green algae”
• Ulva (sea lettuce)
• Multicellular
• Reproduces by
alternation of
generations
Phaeophyta
“brown algae”
Pigments
– chl a,c
– carotenoids
– Fucoxanthin
Phaeophyta“brown algae”
• Examples
– kelp
parts of kelp
• holdfast, stipe,
• blade,
• bladder
– temperate seaweed
• All multicellular
blade
bladder
stipe
•
•
habitat
– salt water
nonmotile*
holdfast
Rhodophyta
“red algae”
• pigments
– chl a
– carotenoids
– Phycoblins
• cell wall
– CaCO3
Rhodophyta
“red algae”
• examples
– tropical
– red seaweed
• multicellular
•
•
“agar”
habitat
–
salt water
nonmotile
Pyrrophyta
“fire algae”
dinoflagellata
• pigments
– chl a,c
– carotenoids
– peridinum
• cell wall
– cellulose
• food storage
– starch
Pyrrophyta
“fire algae”
• Examples:
dinoflagellates
• unicellular
•
•
habitat
– fresh/salt
motile:
– biflagellates
Pyrrophyta
Dinoflagellates
red tide
cause “red tide”
often phosphorescent
Algal bloom
Toxins
Chrysophyta
“golden algae”
• Pigment
– chl a,b
– carotenoids
– fucoxanthin
• cell wall
– silica cell wall
• food storage
– oil
Chrysophyta “golden algae”
• Example: diatoms
• Unicellular (some
colonial)
• motile : raphe
•
habitat
– salt/fresh water
• reproduction
– asexual
– sexual
FORM:
Diatomaceous
Earth
Petroleum
Deposits
Euglenophyta
• Pigment
– chl a
– chl b
– carotenoids
• Cell Wall
– protein pellicle
• Food Storage
– polysaccharide
•Examples:
– Euglena,
– Astasia (can lose its
chloroplasts and become
heterotrophic)
•all unicellular
•
•
motile: flagella
Habitat
–
fresh water
eyespot
Euglenophyta
Fungus-like protists
• Heterotrophic with external digestion.
– Absorptive nutrition
• similar lifestyle as fungi
• multicellular multinucleate
2 groups (based on cell type)
• Water molds are composed of filaments
of cells.
– Phylum Oomycota
• Slime molds are amoeba-like.
– Phylum Myxomycota
– Phylum Acrasiomycota
Oomycetes
• Known as
– “water molds”
• have cellulose in cell
wall
• ex water molds and
downy mildews
• have branching
filaments called
hyphae
Oomycetes
• Causes
– one cause of “ick”
grows on
decaying aquatic
life
Oomycetes
• Cell wall
– cellulose
• Body structure
– branching filaments
– few cell walls
Oomycetes
• Causes
– potato blight
– root, fruit, crown rot
– puckeye rot
Oomycetes
• Causes
– downy mildew
– round worm parasite
Chytridiomycota
• Known as
– Water Mold
• Reproduction
– flagellated sex
cells
• Probable
ancestor of
modern fungi
Sprogyra with chytrid parasite
Chytridiomycota
• Habitat
– aquatic
• Cell wall
– chitin like fungi
• Body structure
– long filaments
• Mostly Unicellular
• Mostly Parasites
Myxomycota
• Example is
plasmodial slime
molds
– multinucleate
Myxomycota
•Habitat :
Terrestrial
• Body structure
– One enormous cell
(plasmodium)
– many nuclei
• covered in slime sheath
•leaves a slime track
• Life Cycle (reproduction)
–
–
–
–
spends most of life as a plasmodium
produces fruiting bodies with gametes
gametes behave like amoebas
two gametes meet--> produce new
plasmodium
Myxomycota
Myxomycota
• Life Cycle (reproduction)
– spends most of life as a
plasmodium
– produces fruiting bodies
with gametes
– gametes behave like
amoebas
– two gametes meet-->
produce new plasmodium
Acrasiomycota
• Example is cellular
slime molds
Acrasiomycota
• Life Cycle
– most of life as AMOEBA
• one nucleus
• haploid
– in stress, come together
• form “slug” or “grex”
• send up fruiting body
– newly hatched cells are
amoeba
Unicellular
Eukaryotes
Animal like
Plant like
Fungi like
by locomotion
by pigment
and cell wall
by lifestyle
and cell type
Pseudopodia
amoeba
Unicellular
flagellates
Water Mold
w/cellulose
Flagella
giardia
Golden Algae
diatoms
Water Mold
w/chitin
No motion
plasmodium
Fire Algae
dinoflagellates
True
Slime Mold
Cilia
paramecium
Brown Algae
kelp
Cellular
Slime Mold
Red Algae
seaweed
Green Algae