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Kingdom Plantae
Cellular Characters,Tissues
Phylogeny and Life Cycles
Figure 17.1c-0
What is a plant?
Key
Vascular
tissue
Spores
Spores
Alga
Surrounding
water supports
alga. Whole
alga performs
photosynthesis; Leaf
absorbs water,
Stem
CO2, and
minerals from
Roots
the water.
Flagellated
sperm
Holdfast
(anchors alga)
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Pollen
Leaf
Flagellated
sperm
Flagellated
sperm
Seed
Leaf
Stem
Roots
Moss
Stomata only on
sporophytes; primitive
roots anchor plants;
no lignin; no vascular
tissue; fertilization
requires moisture
Fern
Stomata; roots anchor
plants, absorb water;
lignified cell walls;
vascular tissue;
fertilization requires
moisture
Stem
Roots
Pine tree
Stomata; roots anchor plants,
absorb water; lignified cell walls;
vascular tissue; fertilization
does not require moisture
Plantae
• Photoautotrophs by chloroplasts
(a few are absorptive heterotrophs)
• Cellulose cell walls
• Locomotion rare
– Some green algae are flagellated
– Male gamete is flagellated in many plants
– multicellular
A Composite Plant Cell
Campbell Fig. 31.6
Plant tissues and organs
• Leaf
• Stem
• Root
Campbell
31.5
Plant tissues and organs
• Leaf tissue
•
•
•
•
Upper epidermis
Lower epidermis
Mesophyll
Functions
– Photosynthesis
– Gas exchange
Campbell 31.5
Plant tissues and organs
Campbell
32.4
• Guard cells
– Prevent water loss
– Control gas exchange
Plant tissues and organs
• Stem tissue
• Function
– Conducts water and
nutrients between
roots and leaves
• Vascular bundlesxylem (water) and
phloem (sugars)
• Ground tissue
• epidermis
Campbell
31.6
Plant tissues and organs
Campbell
31.7B
• Root tissue
– Conducts water and
nutrients to/from
stems and leaves
– Vascular tissue- xylem
(water) and phloem
(sugars)
– Meristem = growth
Figure 17.2a-0
Evolutionary History of Plants
Origin of land plants
(about 470 mya)
Mosses
1
Land plants
Ancestral
green
alga
Nonvascular
plants
(bryophytes)
Liverworts
Hornworts
Monilophytes (ferns,
horsetails, whisk ferns)
3
500
Origin of seed plants
(about 360 mya)
450
400
350
Millions of years ago (mya)
300
Angiosperms
0
Seed
plants
Gymnosperms
Vascular plants
Origin of vascular plants
(about 425 mya)
Seedless
vascular
plants
2
Lycophytes (club mosses,
spike mosses, quillworts)
•
•
17.2 Plant diversity reflects
the evolutionary history of the
plant kingdom
Early diversification of plants gave rise to seedless, nonvascular
plants called bryophytes mosses, liverworts, and, hornworts.
The seedless vascular plants include ,lycophytes and monilophytes
(ferns and their relatives).
•
•
17.2 Plant diversity reflects
the evolutionary history of the
Gymnosperms
plant
kingdom
– have naked seeds that are not produced in special chambers and
– include ginkgo, cycad, and conifer species.
Angiosperms
– evolved at least 140 million years ago,
– are flowering plants, and
– include flowering trees and grasses.
Alternation of Generations
• sporophyte
– Diploid (two of each chromosome)
– Produces haploid spores or gametes by
meiosis
– Sporangium- produces spores
– Spores- haploid cells that develop into
haploid multicellular adults
• gametophyte
– Haploid (one of each chromosome)
– Produces gametes by mitosis
Figure 17.3-1-5
THE PLANT LIFE CYCLE
Key
Gametophyte
plant (n)
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Sperm (n)
Egg (n)
Spores (n)
Meiosis
Fertilization
Zygote (2n)
Sporophyte
plant (2n)
Green Algae
Caulerpa
Volvox
multicellular seaweed
unicellular, colonial algae
Campbell Fig. 16.25C
Gametophyte
usually dominant
Spirogyra
Mosses
Campbell 17.5
Figure 17.3-2-5
A Moss Life Cycle
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Male
gametangium
Sperm
Spores (n)
Gametophyte plants (n)
Female
gametangium
Sporangium
Sporophyte
Meiosis
Gametophyte
Fertilization
Zygote
Egg
Fern
compare Campbell Fig. 17.6
Figure 17.3-6-5
A Fern Life Cycle
Key
Gametophyte
plant (n)
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Male
gametangium
Spores
Sperm
Female
gametangium
Egg
Meiosis
Mature
sporophyte
Fertilization
Zygote
New sporophyte
growing from the
gametophyte
Gymnosperms
Figure 17.5a-0
Longitudinal
section of
ovulate cone
Longitudinal
section of
pollen cone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sporangia
Animation: Pine Life Cycle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Angiosperms
• Figure 17.10
Figure 17.7-5
Anther
1
Pollen grains (n)
(male gametophytes)
Meiosis
2
3
Egg within
a female
gametophyte (n)
Stigma
Pollen grain
Pollen tube
Meiosis
Ovary
Sporophyte
(2n)
Ovule
Ovule
containing
female sporangium
(2n)
Sperm
Germination
7
Seeds
Food
supply
6
Fertilization
Seed coat
Fruit
(mature ovary)
5
Seed
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Embryo (2n)
4
Zygote
(2n)
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Kingdom Fungi
Cellular Characters, Diversity
and Ecological Roles
Fungi
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hyphae
Mycelium
Dikaryotic
Fruiting body
Life cycle
Lichens
Athlete’s foot
Candida albicans
Ringworm
Fungi
• entirely absorptive heterotrophs
– haploid or dikaryotic nuclei in coenocytic hyphae
– thin, numerous hyphae give large surface area
• lack flagella
– except gametes of some chytrid fungi
• chitinous cell walls
Fungal Hypha
Campbell Fig. 17.15B
Types of Fungi
• Growth forms of Fungi:
– molds, or mycelia
- yeasts
– mushrooms
- rusts,mildews
– lichens (with algae)
• Absorptive heterotrophs
– decomposers, parasites, mutualists
Figure 17.18B
Fungi life cycle
Yeast - Fungi
unicellular growth form of fungi
Bread Mold
Life Cycle
Campbell Fig.
17.17B
A Mutualism: Mycorrhizae
Campbell Fig. 17.17C
Mushroom
Campbell Fig. 17.17E
many mushrooms are fruiting bodies of mycorrhizae
Lichen Mutualism
Campbell Fig. 17.20B
fungal mycelium
algal cells
cyanobacteria OR green algae, with fungi
More Lichens
National Geographic
(blueberries, too)
Fungi you don’t want!
Campbell 17.19C
• Corn Smut
• Athletes foot
• Ringworm
Fungi you don’t want!
• Candida albicans
Candida growing in the
esophagus
• Grows normally in digestive
tract
• Normally controlled by
intestinal bacterial
• Bacterial imbalance lets it
grow
• Symptoms-lethargy,
diarrhea, constipation,
depression
• Treatment -diet change
and medication monitoring
Fungi you do want!
• Cheeses-Roqufort bleu
cheese
• Truffles- fruiting
bodies of mycorrhizal
fungi
• Mushrooms
• Brewers yeast
• Antibiotics-Penicillin
(Penicillium)