Download chapter 28 - Doral Academy Preparatory

Classification of
Plants
CHAPTER 28
Plant Kingdom
Non-flowering
Plants
Flowering
Plants
. 3 groups
Non - flowering Plants
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Do NOT produce flowers
Examples of
Mosses
Spore-producing capsule
spores
Characteristics of
Mosses
.Simplest plants
.No true roots, No vascular tissues (no transport)
.Simple stems & leaves
.Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal)
.Have rhizoids for anchorage
.Damp terrestrial land
A leaf (finely
divided into
small parts)
underground
stem
root
Characteristics of
Ferns
.roots, feathery leaves & underground stems
.have vascular tissues (transport & support)
.Spore-producing organ on the underside of leaves
(reproduction)
.Damp & shady places
needle-shaped leaves
Male cones
(in clusters)
Female cones
(scattered)
Characteristics of
Gymnosperms
.tall evergreen trees
.roots, woody stems
.needle-shaped leaves
.vascular tissues (transport)
.cones with reproductive
structures
.naked seeds in female cones
.dry places
. 2 groups
Flowering
Plants
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
.
roots, stems, leaves
.
vascular tissues (transport)
.
flowers, fruits (contain seeds)
Characteristics of
Monocotyledons
. one seed-leaf
. leaves have parallel veins
. herbaceous plants
. e.g. grass, maize
Characteristics of
Dicotyledons
. two seed-leaves
. leaves have veins in network
. e.g. trees, sunflower, rose
Plant Classification
Plants
Non-flowering
Sporebearing
No
roots
Mosses
with
roots
Ferns
Naked
seeds
Gymnosperms
Flowering
1 seedleaf
Monocots
2 seedleaves
Dicots
Plant Structure
and
Function
CHAPTER 29
Stem
The main body of the portion
above ground of a tree, shrub
or herb.
u The ascending plant axis.
u Have buds.
u
Stem Functions
Support of other plant organs.
u Ps.
u Storage (water and food).
u
Modified Stems
1. Rhizomes
2. Stolons
3. Tubers
4. Tendrils
Rhizome
u
u
An elongated
underground
horizontal
stem.
Ex: Iris,
many grasses
Stolon
u
u
An elongated
above-ground
horizontal
stem.
Ex:
Strawberries
Airplane Plant
Tuber
u
u
A muchenlarged,
short, fleshy
underground
stem tip.
Ex: Dahlia,
Potato
Leaf
u
u
u
Lateral outgrowths of the stem
axis.
Primary photosynthetic organs.
Function:
Photosynthesis
u Storage
u
Leaf Modifications
1. Tendrils: for support
Ex: Peas
2. Bulbs: for food storage
Ex: Onion
3. Insect Catching
Ex: Carnivorous Plants
4. Flowers: thought to be
modified leaves.
Other Modifications of Leaves
Tendrils
Succulent Leaves
Spines
Bracts
Root
u
u
The descending axis of a plant,
normally below ground.
Functions:
Anchorage.
u Absorption of water and minerals.
u Storage.
u
Root Types
u
Taproot - one main root.
u Ex:
u
carrot
Fibrous Roots - many small
roots of equal size.
u Ex:
grass roots
Other Root Types
Sexual Organs
1. Flowers
2. Fruits
3. Seeds
Flowers
Modified leaves grouped
together on a stem.
u Sexual reproductive organs.
u Function:
u
u Sexual
Reproduction
Fruit
A mature ovary, sometimes
including other floral parts.
u Function:
u
u Seed
dispersal
u Seed protection
Fruits
Seed
Mature ovule containing the
embryo and nutrient tissues.
u Function:
u
u Dispersal
unit in sexual
reproduction.
Main Tissue Systems
1. Dermal
2. Vascular
3. Ground
Dermal Tissue
Epidermis or "skin" of the
plant.
u Often has a cuticle, a waxy
coating to prevent water loss.
u Functions:
u
Prevent water loss.
u Water absorption (root hairs).
u
Vascular Tissue
Made of Xylem and Phloem.
u Functions:
u
u Transport
and support
u Xylem - Water
u Phloem - Food
Phloem
Phloem
Sieve Cell – alive when
functioning, but lacks a
nucleus.
u Companion Cell – alive,
controls itself and the sieve
cell.
u
Root Hairs
Extensions of the epidermis to
increase surface area for
water absorption.
u Not a true tissue.
u Comment - root hairs are very
delicate and must be
continually replaced.
u
Root Hairs
Leaves
Stem outgrowths for Ps.
u Leaf Morphology:
u
1. Gross
2. Fine
Gross Morphology
Blade - the flattened portion
of a leaf.
u Petiole - stalk of a leaf.
u
Axillary Buds
Blade
Petiole
Blade/Leaf Types
Simple - 1 blade.
u Compound - Several blades.
u
Nodes and Internodes
Node - stem area where a leaf
and bud are attached.
u Internode - stem area
between nodes.
u
Nodes
}
Internode
Fine Morphology
The tissues within a leaf.
1. Upper Epidermis
2. Mesophyll
3. Lower Epidermis
4. Veins
u
Upper Epidermis
Cuticle present.
u Usually 1 cell layer thick.
u Cells w/o chloroplasts .
u Function: protects the
mesophyll.
u
Mesophyll
1. Palisade
upright cells.
2. Spongy
loosely
organized cells
with air spaces.
u Function: major
sites for Ps.
Epidermis
Epidermis
Lower Epidermis
Cuticle present.
u Usually 1 cell layer.
u Cells w/o chloroplasts.
u Stomata present for gas
exchange.
u
Stomata (mouth)
u
Regulated by
Guard Cells
which have
chloroplasts.