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Forests Importance of Trees 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Oxygen Water Food Preventing Erosion Effect on Climate Wildlife Protection Human Needs Carbon Cycle Forest Ecosystem Part of the Forest Subfloor Floor Understory Canopy Part of Tree Found There Plants Found There Animals Found There Other Facts Forest Ecosystem Part of the Forest Part of Plants Found Animals Found Tree Found There There There Subfloor Roots roots Decomposers – bacteria, worms, fungi, centipedes Water and mineral absorption Floor Base of tree trunk grasses, ferns, wildflowers rabbits, mice, snakes, salamanders, fox Detritus material (fallen leaves, nuts, cones, sticks) Understory Trunk vines, mosses Climbers – squirrels, chipmunks, raccoons, woodpeckers Nests in tree cavities Canopy leaves birds, some insects (cicadas, aphids) Photosynthesis Leaves Other Facts Forest Regions of Canada Forest Regions of Canada Common Tree Species Forest Regions Principal Tree Species Boreal White Spruce, Black Spruce, Balsam Fir, Jack Pine, White Birch, Trembling Aspen, Tamarack Coast Western Red Cedar, Western Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, Douglas Fir Montane Lodgepole Pine, Engleman Spruce, Alpine Fir, Douglas Fir, Ponderosa Pine Columbian Western Red Pine, Western Hemlock, Douglas Fir Great Lakes-St. Red Pine, Eastern White Pine, Eastern Hemlock, Yellow Lawence (Mixed) Birch, Red Oak, Sugar Maple, Trembling Aspen, White Cedar (Deciduous) Beech, Sugar Maple, Black Maple, Black Walnut, Hickory, White Oak, Black Oak, Burr Oak, Black Cherry, Sycamore, Tulip Tree, Sassafras Acadian Red Spruce, Balsam Fir, Maple, Yellow Birch Carolinian Forest Regions of Ontario Forest Regions of Ontario Forest Region Boreal Great Lakes-St. Lawrence (Mixed) Carolinian (Deciduous) Main Tree Species Climate Temperature Precipitation Tree Classification Coniferous Needle Leaves Evergreens (leaves do not fall off in winter) Softwoods Cones = reproductive structures Distribution – dominate northern Canada Eg. Cedar, Pine, Spruce, Balsam Deciduous Broad leaves Lose leaves in winter Hardwoods Flowers = reproductive structures Distribution – found in southern Canada Eg. Maple, Oak, Ash, Beech, Aspen. Tree Identification Leaf (in summer) Buds (in winter) Bark Shape (Spire or Plume shape) Smell (eg. Cedar) Deciduous Twig: Alternate Leaf Scar showing vascular bundle arrangement Deciduous Twig: Opposite Coniferous Leaves Pine Spruce Cedar Deciduous Leaves Tree Measuring http://www.forestryforum.com/members/donp/3treehgtclcs.htm Suunto Tree Height Device Forest Management Cycle Methods of Harvesting Forests Clear-cutting Shelterwood Cutting Selective cutting Methods of Harvesting Forests Clear Cutting Loggers remove every tree and leave a barren landscape. When replanted, the new forest grows uniformly in species and size = Plantation or Monoculture Methods of Harvesting Forests Shelterwood Cutting Involves thinning the forest and then cutting some on a 10 year cycle. Small groups of seed bearing trees are left so the area will regenerate. Shelterwood method is often used in forests that have grown and aged evenly Methods of Harvesting Forests Selective Cutting Only mature trees of the desired size, type or quality Another shot of the same stand in an area that has been finished--except for picking up a few logs. The stand is about 65 years old. Forest Succession Forest Succession Secondary Succession Causes: Land clearing Cultivation Forest Fire Clear Cutting Natural Disasters Disease Climate Change Invasive Species
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