Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download INTRODUCTION - Information technology
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology Temperature/Heat © Getty Images/Taxis • Macroclimate: Large scale weather variation. • Microclimate: Small scale weather variation, usually measured over shorter time period. – Altitude • – Aspect • – Vegetation • © Getty Images/Taxis • Ground Color – • Boulders / Burrows – © Getty Images/Taxis • Specific Heat – • 1 cal energy to heat 1 cm3 of water 1o C. – Air - .0003 cal • Latent Heat of Evaporation – • Latent Heat of Fusion – • Riparian Areas © Getty Images/Taxis • Riparian vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade. © Getty Images/Taxis • Biomolecular Level – • Low temperatures cause low reaction rates, while excessively high temperatures destroy the shape. – Baldwin and Hochachka studied the influence of temperature on performance of acetylcholinesterase in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). © Getty Images/Taxis • Photosynthesis – • Different plants have different optimal temperatures. • Acclimation: Physiological changes in response to temperature. Optimal Photosynthetic Temperatures Temperature and Microbial Activity • Morita studied the effect of temperature on population growth among ________________ marine bacteria around Antarctica. – Grew fastest at 4o C. – Some growth recorded in temperatures as cold as 5.5o C. • Some _____________ microbes have been found to grow best in temperatures as hot as 110o C. © Getty Images/Taxis © Getty Images/Taxis Heat Exchange Pathways © Getty Images/Taxis Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss • HS = Hm Hcd Hcv Hr - He – HS = – Hm = – Hcd = – Hcv = – Hr = – He = © Getty Images/Taxis Body Temperature Regulation • Poikilotherms – • Ectotherms – • Endotherms – • Homeotherms – © Getty Images/Taxis Temperature Regulation by Plants • Desert Plants: Must reduce heat storage. – Hs = Hcd Hcv Hr – To avoid heating, plants have (3) options: • Decrease • Increase • Reduce © Getty Images/Taxis Temperature Regulation by Plants © Getty Images/Taxis • Arctic and Alpine Plants – Two main options to stay warm: • Increase … • Decrease … • Tropic Alpine Plants – Rosette plants generally retain dead leaves, which insulate and protect the stem from freezing. • _______________________increases leaf temperature. © Getty Images/Taxis Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals • Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) – – Preferred temperature closely matches the temperature at which… – • Grasshoppers – Some species can adjust for ________________ by varying intensity of pigmentation during development. © Getty Images/Taxis Thermal Neutral Zones © Getty Images/Taxis Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals • Swimming Muscles of Large Marine Fish – Lateral swimming muscles of many fish (Mackerel, Sharks, Tuna) are … • Keep body temperature above that of surrounding water. © Getty Images/Taxis Countercurrent Heat Exchange © Getty Images/Taxis • Warming Insect Flight Muscles – Bumblebees maintain temperature of thorax between _______________C regardless of air temperature. – Sphinx moths (Manduca sexta) increase thoracic temperature due to flight activity. • © Getty Images/Taxis Moth Circulation and Thermoregulation © Getty Images/Taxis Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic Plants • Almost all plants are … – Plants in family Araceae use _______________ to heat flowers. – Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) stores large quantities of starch in large root, and then translocate it to the inflorescence where it is metabolized thus generating heat. © Getty Images/Taxis Eastern Skunk Cabbage © Getty Images/Taxis Surviving Extreme Temperatures • Inactivity – • Reducing Metabolic Rate – – Hibernation – Estivation -
