Download Chapter 1 - Crestwood Local Schools

Variables and Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-1
How many weeks in 363 days?
51 6 weeks
7
1-1
Variables and Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-1
Complete each equation.
1. 1 week =
days
2. 1 foot =
3. 1 nickel =
cents
4. 1 gallon =
5. 1 yard =
inches
quarts
feet
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-1
Variables and Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-1
Solutions
1. 1 week =
7
days
2. 1 foot =
3. 1 nickel =
5
cents
4. 1 gallon =
5. 1 yard =
3
feet
1-1
12
inches
4
quarts
Variables and Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-1
Identify each expression as a numerical expression or a
variable expression. For a variable expression, name the variable.
a. 7  3
numerical expression
b. 4t
variable expression; t is the variable.
Quick Check
1-1
Variables and Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-1
Write a variable expression for the cost of p pens
priced at 29¢ each.
Words
29¢
Let p
Expression
29
number of pens
times
= number of pens.
•
p
The variable expression 29 • p, or 29p, describes the cost
of p pens.
Quick Check
1-1
Variables and Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-1
Write a variable expression for each word phrase.
1. the total of h and 56
2. three less than d
d–3
h + 56
3. p decreased by three
4. a divided by 7
p–3
a÷7
1-1
The Order of Operations
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-2
Divide. Round answers to the nearest tenth.
a. 75 ÷ 8
b. 740 ÷ 7
9.4
105.7
1-2
The Order of Operations
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-2
(For help, go to Skills Handbook p. 760.)
Find each quotient.
1. 164 ÷ 2
2. 344 ÷ 8
3. 284 ÷ 4
4. 133 ÷ 7
5. 182 ÷ 13
6. 650 ÷ 25
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-2
The Order of Operations
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-2
Solutions
1. Estimate:
160 ÷ 2 = 80
82
2 164
–16
4
– 4
0
2. Estimate:
360 ÷ 8 = 45
43
8 344
–32
24
– 24
0
3. Estimate:
280 ÷ 4 = 70
71
4 284
–28
4
– 4
0
4. Estimate:
140 ÷ 7 = 20
19
7 133
–7
63
–63
0
5. Estimate:
195 ÷ 13 = 15
14
13 182
–13
52
– 52
0
6. Estimate:
625 ÷ 25 = 25
26
25 650
–50
150
–150
0
1-2
The Order of Operations
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-2
Simplify 8 – 2 • 2.
8–2•2
8–4
First multiply.
4
Then subtract.
Quick Check
1-2
The Order of Operations
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-2
Simplify 12 ÷ 3 – 1 • 2 + 1.
12 ÷ 3 – 1 • 2 + 1
4
–
2 + 1
2+1
3
Multiply and divide from left to right.
Add and subtract from left to right.
Add.
Quick Check
1-2
The Order of Operations
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-2
Simplify 20 – 3[(5 + 2) – 1].
20 – 3[(5 + 2) – 1]
20 – 3[
7 – 1]
Add within parentheses.
20 –
3 [6]
Subtract within brackets.
20 – 18
2
Multiply from left to right.
Subtract.
Quick Check
1-2
The Order of Operations
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-2
Simplify each expression.
1. 7(3) – 2 • 4
2. 6 ÷ 2 + 1 • 5
13
8
4. 3[9 • 2 ÷ (10 – 4)]
3. 10 ÷ (4 + 1)
2
9
1-2
Writing and Evaluating Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-3
Evaluate each expression.
a. 8 + 6 – 2
12
b. 16 – 8 + 2
c. 12 + 9 • 2
10
30
1-3
Writing and Evaluating Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-3
(For help, go to Lesson 1-2.)
Simplify each expression.
1. 6(9 + 1)
2. 17 – 2 + 3
3. 9 + 8 • 2 + 4
4. [3(5) + 1] • 2
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-3
Writing and Evaluating Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-3
Solutions
1. 6(9 + 1)
2. 17 – 2 + 3
6(10)
15 + 3
60
18
3. 9 + 8 • 2 + 4
4. [3(5) + 1] • 2
9 + 16 + 4
[15 + 1] • 2
29
16 • 2
32
1-3
Writing and Evaluating Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-3
Evaluate 18 + 2g for g = 3.
18 + 2g = 18 + 2(3)
Replace g with 3.
= 18 + 6
Multiply.
= 24
Add.
Quick Check
1-3
Writing and Evaluating Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-3
Evaluate 2ab – c for a = 3, b = 4, and c = 9.
3
2ab – c = 2 • 3 • 4 – 9
3
3
Replace the variables.
=2•3•4–3
Work within grouping symbols.
=6•4–3
Multiply from left to right.
= 24 – 3
Multiply.
= 21
Subtract.
Quick Check
1-3
Writing and Evaluating Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-3
The Omelet Café buys cartons of 36 eggs.
a. Write a variable expression for the number of
cartons the Café should buy for x eggs.
b. Evaluate the expression for 180 eggs.
a. x eggs
x
36
b. 180 eggs
x
180
=
36
36
= 5
Evaluate for x = 180.
Divide.
The Omelet Café should buy 5 cartons to get 180 eggs.
1-3
Quick Check
Writing and Evaluating Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-3
The One Pizza restaurant makes only one kind of pizza,
which costs $16. The delivery charge is $2. Write a variable
expression for the cost of having pizzas delivered. Evaluate the
expression to find the cost of having two pizzas delivered.
Words
$16
Let p
Expression
16
for each
pizza
plus
$2 delivery charge
+
2
= number of pizzas.
•
p
Evaluate the expression for p = 2.
16 • p + 2 = 16 • 2 + 2
= 32 + 2
= 34
It costs $34 to have two pizzas delivered.
1-3
Quick Check
Writing and Evaluating Expressions
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-3
Evaluate.
1. 7(b) – 4 for b = 3
2. h ÷ 2 + 1 for h = 12
17
7
4. fg – g for f = 5, g = 7
3. 3c + 4 ÷ d for c = 8, d = 2
26
28
1-3
Integers and Absolute Value
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-4
Order from least to greatest: 2 , –1, 0.5, – 0.2, 1
3
8
– 1, – 0.2, 1 , 0.5, 2
8
3
1-4
Integers and Absolute Value
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-4
(For help, go to Skills Handbook p. 775.)
Write an integer for each situation.
1. lose $7
2. find $9
3. 8 steps forward
4. 3 yards gained
5. 5 floors down
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-4
Integers and Absolute Value
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-4
Solutions
1. lose $7
2. find $9
–7
3. 8 steps forward
9
4. 3 yards gained
8
3
5. 5 floors down
–5
1-4
Integers and Absolute Value
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-4
Write a number to represent the temperature
shown by the thermometer.
The thermometer shows 2 degrees Celsius below zero, or –2°C.
Quick Check
1-4
Integers and Absolute Value
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-4
Graph 2, –2, and –3 on a number line. Order the
numbers from least to greatest.
The numbers from least to greatest are –3, –2, and 2.
Quick Check
1-4
Integers and Absolute Value
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-4
Use a number line to find |–5| and |5|.
|–5| = 5
|5| = 5
Quick Check
1-4
Integers and Absolute Value
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-4
Write an integer to represent each situation.
1. A debt of $50
–50
2. A dive of 23 feet below the surface
–23
Simplify.
3. | –12 |
4. | 8 |
12
8
1-4
Adding Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-5
List each set of fractions in order from greatest to least.
a. 5 , 9 , 3
6 10
5
9 , 5, 3
10 6 5
b. 1 , 2 , 2
6
3
7
2 ,2,1
3 7 6
c. 1 , 1 , 1
4
3
5
1 , 1, 1
3 4 5
1-5
Adding Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-5
(For help, go to Lesson 1-4.)
Compare. Use >, <, or = to complete each statement.
1. –6
–3
2. 2
3. –5
|5|
4. | 10 |
| –10 |
6. | –8 |
|0|
5. | 9 |
| –2 |
–15
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-5
Adding Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-5
Solutions
1. –6 < –3
2. 2 > –15
3. –5 < | 5 |
4. | 10 | = | –10 |
5. | 9 | > | –2 |
6. | –8 | > | 0 |
1-5
Adding Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-5
Use tiles to find (–7) + 3.
(–7) + 3
Model the sum.
–4
Group and remove zero pairs.
There are four negative tiles left.
(–7) + 3 = – 4
Quick Check
1-5
Adding Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-5
From the surface, a diver goes down 20 feet and then
comes back up 4 feet. Find –20 + 4 to find where the diver is.
Start at 0. To represent –20,
move left 20 units.
To add positive 4, move right 4
units to –16.
–20 + 4 = –16
The diver is 16 feet below the surface.
Quick Check
1-5
Adding Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-5
Find each sum.
a. –20 + (–15)
–20 + (–15) = –35
Since both integers are negative,
the sum is negative.
b. 13 + (–17)
|–17| – |13| = 17 – 13
=4
13 + (–17) = – 4
Find the difference of the absolute values.
Simplify.
Since –17 has the greater absolute
value, the sum is negative.
Quick Check
1-5
Adding Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-5
A player scores 22 points. He then gets a penalty of 30
points. What is the player’s score after the penalty?
22 + (–30)
Write an expression.
|–30| – |22| = 30 – 22
Find the difference of the absolute values.
=8
22 + (–30) = – 8
Simplify.
Since –30 has the greater absolute value,
the sum is negative.
The player’s score is – 8.
Quick Check
1-5
Adding Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-5
Find –7 + (– 4) + 13 + (–5).
–7 + (– 4) + 13 + (–5)
–11 + 13
+ (–5)
2 + (–5)
–3
Add from left to right.
The sum of the two negative
integers is negative.
|13| – |11| = 2. Since 13 has the greater
absolute value, the sum is positive.
|5| – |2| = 3. Since –5 has the greater
absolute value, the sum is negative.
–7 + (– 4) + 13 + (–5) = –3
Quick Check
1-5
Adding Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-5
Find each sum.
1. –37 + (–5)
2. 14 + (–4)
–42
3. –100 + 5 + (–3)
10
4. Evaluate 33 + t for t = –11.
–98
22
1-5
Subtracting Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-6
Find all possible number pairs for which the sum of two whole
numbers is 63 and the difference between the numbers is less
than 10.
31 and 32; 30 and 33; 29 and 34; 28 and 35; 27 and 36
1-6
Subtracting Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-6
(For help, go to Lesson 1-5.)
Find each sum.
1. 8 + (–9)
2. –11 + (–18)
3. –4 + (–6)
4. 14 + (–3)
5. 6 + (–6)
6. –13 + (–10)
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-6
Subtracting Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-6
Solutions
1. 8 + (–9)
4. 14 + (–3)
| –9 | – | 8 | = 9 – 8
| 14 | – | –3 | = 14 – 3
=1
= 11
8 + (–9) = –1
2. –11 + (–18)
14 + (–3) = 11
5. 6 + (–6)
–11 + (–18) = –29
| –6 | – | 6 | = 6 – 6
=0
6 + (–6) = 0
3. –4 + (–6)
6. –13 + (–10)
–4 + (–6) = –10
–13 + (–10) = –23
1-6
Subtracting Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-6
Find –7 – (–5).
Start with 7 negative tiles.
Take away 5 negative tiles. There
are 2 negative tiles left.
–7 – (–5) = –2
Quick Check
1-6
Subtracting Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-6
Find 2 – 8.
Start with 2 positive tiles.
There are not enough positive tiles to take
away 8. Add 6 zero pairs.
Take away 8 positive tiles. There are
6 negative tiles left.
2 – 8 = –6
Quick Check
1-6
Subtracting Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-6
An airplane left Houston, Texas, where the
temperature was 42°F. When the airplane landed in Anchorage,
Alaska, the temperature was 50°F lower. What was the
temperature in Anchorage?
42 – 50
Write an expression.
42 – 50 = 42 + (–50)
To subtract 50, add its opposite.
= –8
Simplify.
The temperature in Anchorage was –8°F.
Quick Check
1-6
Subtracting Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-6
Find each difference.
1. –24 – (–5)
–19
4. 14 – 46
–32
2. 19 – (–4)
23
5. –200 – 50 – (–10)
–240
1-6
3. –33 – 11
–44
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
Find the difference between 3 and 1 .
12
8
3
1
=
24
8
1-7
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
(For help, go to Skills Handbook.)
Find each difference.
1. –3 – 4
2. –7 – 4
3. –11 – 4
4. –15 – 4
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-7
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
Solutions
1. –3 – 4
2. –7 – 4
–3 – 4 = –3 + (–4)
–7 – 4 = –7 + (–4)
= –7
3. –11 – 4
= –11
4. –15 – 4
–11 – 4 = –11 + (–4)
–15 – 4 = –15 + (–4)
= –15
= –19
1-7
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
Use inductive reasoning. Make a conjecture about the
next figure in the pattern. Then draw the figure.
Observation: The circles are rotating counterclockwise
within the square.
Conjecture: The next figure will have a shaded circle at
the top right.
Quick Check
1-7
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
Write a rule for each number pattern.
a. 0, – 4, – 8, –12, . . .
Start with 0 and subtract 4 repeatedly.
b. 4, – 4, 4, – 4, . . .
Alternate 4 and its opposite.
c. 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, . . .
Start with 1. Alternate multiplying by 2
and adding 2.
Quick Check
1-7
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
Write a rule for the number pattern 110, 100, 90, 80, . . .
Find the next two numbers in the pattern.
110, 100, 90,
– 10 – 10 – 10
80
The first number is 110.
The next numbers are found by
subtracting 10.
The rule is Start with 110 and subtract 10 repeatedly.
The next two numbers in the pattern are 80 – 10 = 70 and
70 – 10 = 60.
Quick Check
1-7
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
A child grows an inch a year for three years in a
row. Is it a reasonable conjecture that this child will grow
an inch in the year 2015?
No; children grow at an uneven rate, and eventually they
stop growing.
Quick Check
1-7
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
Is each conjecture correct or incorrect? If it is
incorrect, give a counterexample.
a. Every triangle has three sides of equal length.
The conjecture is incorrect. The figure below is a
triangle, but it does not have three equal sides.
b. The opposite of a number is negative.
The conjecture is incorrect. The opposite of –2 is 2.
1-7
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
(continued)
c. The next figure in the pattern below has 16 dots.
The conjecture is correct. The diagram below
shows the next figure in the pattern.
Quick Check
1-7
Inductive Reasoning
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-7
Find the next three numbers in each pattern.
1. 1, –1, 2, –2, 3, . . .
2. 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, . . .
–3, 4, –4
63, 127, 255
3. –11, –8, –5, –2, . . .
1, 4, 7
1-7
Problem Solving Strategy: Look for a Pattern
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-8
Describe the pattern in this sequence of numbers and find the next
two numbers. 5, 8, 4, 9, 3, . . .
description: + 3, – 4, + 5, – 6; next two numbers: 10, 2
1-8
Problem Solving Strategy: Look for a Pattern
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-8
(For help, go to Lesson 1-7.)
Write a rule for each pattern. Find the next three numbers.
1. 8, 11, 14, 17, . . .
2. 1, 5, 4, 8, 7, . . .
3. 3, 5, 10, 12, 24, . . .
4. 1, 4, 7, 10, . . .
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-8
Problem Solving Strategy: Look for a Pattern
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-8
Solutions
1. 8
11
14
17
20
23
26
+3
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3
Start with 8 and add 3 repeatedly.
2. 1
5
4
8
7
11 10
14
+4 –1
+4 –1 +4 –1 +4
Start with 1. Alternate adding 4 and subtracting 1.
3. 3
5
10 12 24 26 52 54
+2 2
+2 2 +2 2 +2
Start with 3. Alternate adding 2 and multiplying by 2.
4. 1
4
7
10 13 16 19
+3 +3 +3
+3 +3 +3
Start with 1 and add 3 repeatedly.
1-8
Problem Solving Strategy: Look for a Pattern
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-8
Each student on a committee of five students
shakes hands with every other committee member. How
many handshakes will there be in all?
The pattern is to add the number of new handshakes to
the number of handshakes already made.
4
the number of handshakes by 1 student
4+3=7
the number of handshakes by 2 students
1-8
Problem Solving Strategy: Look for a Pattern
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-8
(continued)
Make a table to extend the pattern to 5 students.
Student
1
2
3
4
5
Number of original
handshakes
4
3
2
1
0
Total number of
handshakes
4
4+3
=7
7+2
=9
9+1
= 10
10 + 0
= 10
There will be 10 handshakes in all.
Quick Check
1-8
Problem Solving Strategy: Look for a Pattern
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-8
Solve using any strategy.
1. You have a penny, a nickel, a dime, and a quarter. You give
away three coins. How many different amounts of money can
you give away? Name the values.
4; 16¢, 31¢, 36¢, 40¢
1-8
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
For 3 weeks, Jessica worked 2 hours per day, 4 days per week baby
sitting. If she earned $3.50 per hour, how much did she earn in all?
$84.00
1-9
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
(For help, go to Skills Handbook p. 759.)
Simplify each expression.
1. 5  4
2. 3  8
3. 5  5
4. 14  2
5. 6  5
6. 20  7
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-9
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
Solutions
1.
5
4
20
2.
3
8
24
3.
5
5
25
4.
14
2
28
5.
6
5
30
6.
20
7
140
1-9
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
A diver is descending from the surface of the water
at a rate of 5 ft/s. Write an expression with repeated
addition to show how far the diver is from the surface of
the water after four seconds.
Use a number line to show repeated addition.
4 (–5) = (–5) + (–5) + (–5) + (–5) = –20
The diver is 20 feet below the surface of the water.
1-9
Quick Check
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
Use a pattern to find each product.
a. –2(7)
2(7) = 14
Start with products you know.
1(7) = 7
0(7) = 0
–1(7) = –7
Continue the pattern.
–2(7) = –14
1-9
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
(continued)
b. –2(–7)
2(–7) = –14
Start with products you know.
1(–7) = –7
0(–7) = 0
–1(–7) = 7
Continue the pattern.
–2(–7) = 14
Quick Check
1-9
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
Multiply 6(–2)(–3).
6(–2)(–3) = (–12)(–3)
= 36
Multiply from left to right. The product of
a positive integer and a negative integer
is negative.
Multiply. The product of two negative integers
is positive.
Quick Check
1-9
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
Use the table to find the average of the differences
in the values of a Canadian dollar and a U.S. dollar for
1994–1997.
–27 + (–27) + (–26) + (–28)
4
Write an expression for
the average.
1-9
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
(continued)
=
–108
4
= –27
Use the order of operations.
The fraction bar acts as a
grouping symbol.
The quotient of a negative integer
and a positive integer is negative.
For 1994–1997, the average difference was –27¢.
Quick Check
1-9
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-9
Find each product or quotient.
1. –7(–3)
2. –36 ÷ (–9)
21
4
3. –12 • 2
4. 7(–3)
–24
–21
5. –6 • (–2) • (–1)
–12
1-9
The Coordinate Plane
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-10
Order from greatest to least: –1, 3, 0, – 2, – 4
3, 0, – 1, – 2, – 4
1-10
The Coordinate Plane
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-10
(For help, go to Lesson 1-4.)
Graph numbers on a number line.
1. –2, 1, –5
2. 0, 2, –4
3. –3, 3, –2
4. –1, –5, –8
Check Skills You’ll Need
1-10
The Coordinate Plane
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-10
Solutions
1. –2, 1, –5
2. 0, 2, –4
3. –3, 3, –2
4. –1, –5, –8
1-10
The Coordinate Plane
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-10
Write the coordinates of point G. In which quadrant
is point G located?
Point G is located 2 units to the left of the y-axis.
So the x-coordinate is –2.
The point is 3 units below the x-axis.
So the y-coordinate is –3.
The coordinates of point G are (–2, –3). Point G is located in
Quadrant III.
1-10
Quick Check
The Coordinate Plane
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-10
Graph point M(–3, 3).
Quick Check
1-10
The Coordinate Plane
PRE-ALGEBRA LESSON 1-10
Draw a coordinate grid. Graph each point.
1. S(2, 3)
2. T(2, –3)
3. U(–2, 3)
4. K(0, –3)
5. L(3, 0)
1-10