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World climates World climates • Circulation of air in the atmosphere • Low pressure • High pressure • Wind belts • High and low pressure belts • Distribution of energy • Earth´s tilt and rotation • Seasons • Position of the sun World climates Global temperature Latitude Distance from the sea Prevailing winds Ocean currents Altitude World climates Rainfall Relief Frontal Convectional Name: equatorial Latitude: 5º of the Equator Location: drainage basins of the Amazon and Congo rivers, extreme south-east of Asia Temperature: high and constant around 26ºC, annual range 2ºC Rainfalls: annual total 2000 mm convectional thunderstorms, 2-3 drier months Winds: light and variable Humidity: high Seasons: lack of seasonal change Weather pattern: uniform 12 hours daylight/darkness tropical continental Name: Latitude: 5º to 15º of the Equator Location: Brazilian Highlands, Venezuela, northern Australia, Congo basin Temperature: high but no so constant 25 – 34ºC slightly higher Rainfalls: annual around 900 mm convectional thunderstorms, unreliable Winds: prevailing winds from the east Humidity: variable Seasons: dry (cooler) and wet season (hot with sun overhead) Weather pattern: when sun overhead temperature increases, rainfall increases too, afternoon convectional rains – like equatorial, dry is cooler season, wind increases, humidity decreases - desert monsoon Name: Latitude: Location: South-east Asia Temperature: annual range low, between 24 and 30ºC Rainfalls: annual around 2000 mm (shorter period) Winds: prevailing winds from the south-west and north-east Humidity: variable Seasons: two seasons – south-west monsoon and north-east monsoon based on prevailing winds Weather pattern: summer father from the sea – low pressure – wind from the ocean – relief rainfall, risk of flooding - rise in winter high pressure, wind blows outward, little rain from dry areas risk of drought Name: Mediterranean Latitude: 30º to 40º of the Equator Location: area surrounding Mediterranean Sea, California, Chile, southern Australia Temperature: between 14 and 26ºC Rainfalls: annual around 500 mm unevenly distributed Winds: in summer from the land in winter from the sea Humidity: variable Seasons: summers hot/dry and winters warm/wet Weather pattern: in summers prevailing winds from warm land with dry land surface, several months of dry sunny weather, winters are warm, winds blow from the sea – warm and moist air – relief rainfall Name: cold Latitude: 60º of the Equator Location: Scandinavia, Russia, Pacific, North America, central Alaska, northern Canada Temperature: high annual range of 40 severe winters - 25ºC Rainfalls: precipitation is light air too cold to hold moisture occasional convectional Winds: strong winds lower temperatures, wind chill factor Humidity: low Seasons: Weather pattern: summers relatively warm long hours of daylight, far from the sea winters very long and dark, little sun, no influence of the sea strong winds World climates • Tropical cyclones • formed over tropical oceans with temperatures over 27ºC • considerable depth of warm water • in late summer and early autumn • between latitudes of 5º and 20º of the Equator • releases great heat energy • storm and tidal surges World climates • Tropical cyclones • area of colder air in the centre – a central eye • over land rapidly decreases in strength • lifespan of 7-14 days • winds exceeding 160 km/hr • flooding and polluting • bad effect on economy World climates • Global warming • less heat escapes • greenhouse gases • 0.6ºC last century • carbon dioxide • deforestation and burning • aerosols World climates • Global warming • rise of sea-levels • icecaps and glaciers • flooding and drought • drinking water • ecosystems • deceases World climates • Acid rain • from sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide • dry deposition • wet deposition • pH value between 5.5 – 6 • in 1950s World climates • Acid rain • acidity of lakes • acidity of soils • nutrients washed • health hazard • building eroded • • • • • Water shortage Water supply Drought Reliability of rainfall Clean water ecosystems ecosystems • Ecosystem • Living environment: – Plants (flora) – Animals (fauna) • Non-living environment: – Water – Air – Solar energy – Rocks – Soils ecosystems Ecosystem Living environment: Plants (flora) Animals (fauna) Non-living environment Water Air Solar energy Rocks Soils ecosystems • Biomes • Micro • Meso • Global ecosystems • Energy flows • main source of energy • photosynthesis • energy passes through the food chain • open system ecosystems • Recycling of nutrients • Closed system • Herbivores • Carnivores • Omnivores • Decomposers Transfers of energy in an ecosystem Non-living environment Producers photosynthesis Consumers herbivores Consumers carnivores Decomposers bacteria ecosystems • Water cycle • plants need water for photosynthesis • animals use water to remove toxins and stay cool (sweat) • plants and animals - water as a by-product of respiration • animals drink water, consume,too ecosystems • Carbon cycle • Photosynthesis • Respiration • Decomosition • Stored Food absorbed by plant roots Trees use nutrients to grow Nutrients added to soil as leaves decay More nutrients in vegatation cycle takes 6 months Leaves fall to the forest floor Fungi and bacteria rapidly break down into humus ecosystems • Tropical rainforest • constant temperature • high rainfall • humidity • denseness • continuous growing season • rich ecosystem ecosystems • Tropical rainforest • Shrub • Under canopy • Canopy • Emergents ecosystems • Tropical rainforest • rapid decomposition • nutrients • convectional rainfall • human intervention • Clearing rainforest • Loss of animal habitat • Fertile soils • Land clearance for farming • Roads ecosystems • Tropical savanna grassland • Dry season – Losing leaves – Changing colour – Xerophytic plants • Wet season – Quick growth – Green sea • Desertification • Fuelwood ecosystems • Mediterranean • Woodland and scrub • Evergreen oaks (dub) • Adaptation – – – – Waxy leves Protective bark Long roots Short life cycle • Deforestation • Grazing animals • Fire ecosystems • Coniferous • Spruce (smrek), pine (borovica) and fir (sosna) • Low temperatures • Low precipitation • Short growing season • Poor soils • Little undergrowth ecosystems • Deforestation • Clearance for farming • Building roads • Logging • Selective • Integrated • Clearfelling • Strip cutting • Sustainable forestry
