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Climate and Biodiversity Chapter 5 Sections 1-4 Key Concepts Factors influencing the Earth’s climates Effect of climate on Earth’s major biomes Characteristics of major biome types Human impacts on the biosphere Blowing in the Wind Benefits of wind Hazards of wind “Red tides” Volcanoes and climate Everything is connected Fig. 5-1, p. 78 Blowing in the Wind Fig. 5-1, p. 78 Weather and Climate Differences between weather and climate Major factors determining climate • Uneven heating of Earth’s surface • Earth’s rotation • Properties of air, water, and land Earth’s Climatic Zones Fig. 5-2, p. 80 Earth’s Rotation and Climate 60ºN Cold deserts Westerlies Northeast trades Forests Hot deserts 30ºN Forests Equator Southeast trades Westerlies 0º Hot deserts 30ºs Forests Cold deserts 60ºS Fig. 5-3, p. 80 Fig. 5-3, p. 80 Global Air Circulation and Biomes Cell 3 North Cold,dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Polar cap Arctic tundra Cell 2 North Evergreen 60° coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert 30° Cool, dry air falls Cell 1 North Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical deciduous forest 0° Equator Tropical rain forest Tropical deciduous forest 30° Desert Temperate deciduous 60° forest and grassland Cell 1 South Cool, dry air falls Cell 2 South Polar cap Cold,dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Cell 3 South Fig. 5-4, p. 81 Effects of Water, Wind, and Land on Climate Ocean currents and wind Gases in the atmosphere • Greenhouse gases and the Greenhouse Effect Topography and local climate Microclimates in urban areas Natural Greenhouse Effect (a) Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere and warm the earth's surface. (b) The earth's surface absorbs much of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into space as heat and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as even longer wave-length IR radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere. (c) As concentrations of green-house gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere. Fig. 5-5, p. 82 Rain Shadow Effect Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean. On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture. On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture. Dry habitats Moist habitats Fig. 5-6, p. 82 Biomes Climate effects on biomes 12 major biomes Biomes are not uniform (“mosaic of patches”) Effects of latitude and longitude Earth’s Major Biomes Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen conif forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Temperate deciduous forest Desert Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Tropical deciduous forest Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Semidesert, arid grassland Mountains (complex zonation) Ice Fig. 5-7, p. 83 Precipitation and Temperature Affects Biome Type Polar Tundra Subpolar Temperate Coniferous forest Desert Deciduous forest Grassland Tropical Chaparral Desert Savanna Rain forest Tropical seasonal forest Scrubland Fig. 5-8, p. 84 Effects of Altitude and Latitude on Climate and Biomes Altitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Latitude Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Fig. 5-9, p. 85 Biomes: Climates and Life Deserts Grassland Forests Mountains Aquatic biomes Deserts What is a desert? Tropical deserts Temperate deserts Cold deserts Human impacts on deserts Temperate Desert Ecosystem Red-tailed hawk Gambel's quail Producer to primary consumer Yucca Jack rabbit Agave Collared lizard Prickly pear cactus Roadrunner Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer Darkling beetle Bacteria Diamondback rattlesnake Fungi Kangaroo rat All producers and consumers to decomposers Fig. 5-10a, p. 86 Temperate Desert in Nevada, USA Fig. 5-10b, p. 86 Major Human Impacts on Deserts Large desert cities Soil destruction by offroad vehicles and urban development Soil sanitization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity Fig. 5-11, p. 87 Grasslands Effects of drought, herbivores, and fires Savanna Grazers and browsers Temperate grasslands Prairies Tundra Permafrost Temperate Tall-grass Prairie Ecosystem Golden eagle Pronghorn antelope Grasshopper sparrow Coyote Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Grasshopper Secondary to higher-level consumer Blue stem grass Prairie dog Bacteria All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Prairie coneflower Fig. 5-12, p. 88 Replacing Temperate Grassland with Farms Fig. 5-13, p. 88 Arctic Tundra in Winter and Summer Fig. 5-14, p. 89 Human Impacts on Grasslands Natural Capital Degradation Grasslands Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles Fig. 5-15, p. 89 Forests Types of forests Tropical rain forests Broadleaf evergreen plants Temperate deciduous forests Broadleaf deciduous forests Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal and taigas) Muskegs Coastal coniferous (temperate rain) forests Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Harpy eagle Blue and gold macaw Ocelot Producer to primary consumer Squirrel monkeys Climbing monstera palm Slaty-tailed trogon Primary to secondary consumer Katydid Green tree snake Tree frog Secondary to higher-level consumer Ants Bacteria Fungi Bromeliad All producers and consumers to decomposers Fig. 5-16, p. 90 Stratification of Niches in a Tropical Rain Forest 45 Emergent layer Harpy eagle 40 Height (meters) 35 Toco toucan Canopy 30 25 20 Understory Wooly opossum 15 10 Brazilian tapir 5 Black-crowned antpitta 0 Shrub layer Ground layer Fig. 5-17, p. 91 Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystem Broad-winged hawk Producer to primary consumer Hairy woodpecker Gray squirrel White oak White-footed mouse White-tailed deer Metallic woodboring beetle and larvae Mountain winterberry Shagbark hickory May beetle Fungi Bacteria Long-tailed weasel Primary to secondary consumer Racer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Wood frog Fig. 5-18a, p. 92 Temperate Deciduous Forest in Fall and Winter Fig. 5-18b-c, p. 92 Evergreen Coniferous Forest Ecosystem Great horned owl Blue jay Producer to primary consumer Marten Balsam fir Moose White spruce Primary to secondary consumer Wolf Bebb willow Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Secondary to higher-level consumer Snowshoe hare All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Starflower Bacteria Bunchberry Fig. 5-19a, p. 93 Evergreen Coniferous Forest in Alaska Fig. 5-19b, p. 93 Human Impacts on Forests Natural Capital Degradation Forests Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations Damage to soils from off-road vehicles Fig. 5-20, p. 94 Mountains What is a mountain? Ecological importance of mountains “Islands of biodiversity” Climate regulation Mountain glaciers and effects on sea level Impact on hydrologic cycle Human impacts on mountains Forests near Mt. Rainer, Washington Fig. 5-21, p. 94 Human Impacts on Mountains Natural Capital Degradation Mountains Landless poor migrating uphill to survive Timber extraction Mineral resource extraction Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs Increasing tourism (such as hiking and skiing) Air pollution from industrial and urban centers Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletion Soil damage from off-road vehicles Fig. 5-22, p. 95