Download WEATHER

Chapter 16
Test 4 Material
Begin
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WRITE A 1 TO 2
PAGE REPORT ON
“BALL LIGHTNING”
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STATE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AT SOME
PLACE AND TIME
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TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
PRESSURE
WIND
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AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS AT SOME
LOCATION OVER LONG PERIOD OF TIME
DEPARTURES FROM NORMAL
EXTREMES
VARIABILITY
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STUDY OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE
PROCESSES THAT CAUSE WEATHER
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HOW WELL THE CROPS WILL DO
WHAT CLOTHES YOU WEAR
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WHAT CROPS YOU CAN GROW
WHAT CLOTHES YOU HAVE TO BUY
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136 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT IN THE SHADE IN
LIBYA
-129 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT IN ANTARTICA
1042 INCHES OF RAIN IN ONE YEAR IN
CHERRAPUNJI, INDIA
74 INCHES OF RAIN AT REUNION ISLAND
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SPEARFISH, SOUTH DAKOTA
7:30 AM = - 4 FAHRENHEIT
7:32 AM = 45 FAHRENHEIT
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SHIELDS US FROM UV
GASES FOR RESPIRATION
GASES FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS WHERE CO2
REMOVED BY PLANTS AND REPLACED WITH
OXYGEN
SUPPLIES AND TRANSPORTS WATER
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78% NITROGEN
21% OXYGEN
0.9% ARGON
0.03% CARBON DIOXIDE
TRACE ELEMENTS - NEON, HELIUM,
METHANE, OZONE, NO2, KRYPTON,
HYDROGEN, XENON
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MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE GASES FOR
WEATHER PRODUCTION IS CARBON DIOXIDE
DUE TO ITS EFFECT AS A GREENHOUSE GAS
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CO2 MAY BE INCREASING GLOBAL
TEMPERATURES. SOME SCIENTISTS PREDICT
THAT CO2 LEVELS WILL DOUBLE FROM 1900
TO 2050 WHICH MIGHT CHANGE CLIMATE
PICTURE
STILL QUITE CONTROVERSIAL
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SOURCE OF ALL CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION
ABSORBS RADIANT ENERGY
TRANSPORTS ENERGY AND DRIVES OUR
STORMS
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VOLCANOES
SEA SALTS
SOIL EROSION
SMOKE AND SOOT
POLLEN
ALLERGENS
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ACT AS A SURFACE FOR CONDENSATION TO
TAKE PLACE
KRAKATAO
BLUER THE SKY THE CLEANER THE SKY
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WE CAN’T BREATHE IT
IF ALL THE OZONE WERE BROUGHT TO THE
EARTH’S SURFACE IT WOULD ONLY BE 1/6 OF
AN INCH IN THICKNESS
CONCENTRATED IN THE STRATOSPHERE AT
12 - 19 MILES ABOVE SURFACE
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MOLECULAR O2 IS BROKEN DOWN TO
ATOMIC O1 WHICH COMBINES WITH AN O2
TO PRODUCE O3
AVAILABILITY OF SHORTWAVE RADIATION TO
BREAKDOWN O2 AND ATMOSPHERE IS DENSE
ENOUGH TO ALLOW FOR THE COMBINATION
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FOUND IN AEROSOL SPRAYS, PLASTIC
PRODUCTION, AIR CONDITIONERS,
REFRIGERATION
REVERSE PROCESS AS THEY DRIFT UPWARD
CHANGING O3 BACK TO O2 AND O1
REMAIN ACTIVE FOR 50-100 YEARS
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REDUCES THE FILTERING ABILITY OF OUR
ATMOSPHERE AND CAN LEAD TO INCREASE IN
SKIN CANCERS
OZONE HOLE OVER ANTARCTICA AND NORTH
AMERICA
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FOREST FIRES
POLLEN
WIND EROSION
ORGANIC DECAY
VOLCANOES
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TRANSPORTATION
INDUSTRIAL
HEATING/ AIR CONDITIONING
REFUSE BURNING
AGRICULTURAL
MINING/QUARRYING
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CAN TRACE THEM TO AN IDENTIFIABLE
SOURCE
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ARE PRODUCED WHEN REACTIONS OCCUR
INVOLVING PRIMARY POLLUTANTS
SMOG
ACID RAIN
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TROPOSPHERE
STRATOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
THERMOSPHERE
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THE WEATHER SPHERE WITH CLOUDS AND
PRECIPITATION
ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE = 19 DEGREE
FAHRENHEIT DECREASE IN TEMPERATURE FOR
EVERY 1 MILE INCREASE IN ELEVATION
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STRATOSPHERE - WHERE OZONE IS
CONCENTRATED
THERMOSPHERE IS VERY WARM BUT HAS VERY
FEW AIR MOLECULES TO TRANSFER HEAT
EXOSPHERE - LIMIT WHERE SPACE BEGINS
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ELECTRIFIED REGION WHICH BEGINS ABOUT
35+ MILES ABOVE SURFACE
AURORA BOREALIS
AURORA AUSTRALIS
Chapter 16
Test 4 Material
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ALL SUBSTANCES ARE COMPOSED OF
MILLIONS OF MOLECULES THAT ARE IN
MOTION. THIS MOTION IS KNOWN AS
KINETIC ENERGY. TEMPERATURE IS A
MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE ENERGY OF THIS
MOTION.
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FAHRENHEIT
CELSIUS
KELVIN
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(1.8 TIMES CELSIUS) + 32 = FAHRENHEIT
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(FAHRENHEIT MINUS 32) DIVIDED BY 1.8 =
CELSIUS
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KELVIN MINUS 273 = CELSIUS
CELSIUS PLUS 273 = KELVIN
K
F
C
WATER
373
212
100
BOILS
273
32
0
FREEZES
0
-459.6
-273
ZERO
MOTION
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LIQUID-IN-GLASS CAN BE EITHER MERCURY
OR ALCOHOL (-25F)
MINIMUM/MAXIMUM
BIMETAL STRIP
ELECTRICAL - THERMISTOR
THERMOGRAPH
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LIQUID-IN-GLASS AND ELECTRICAL
THERMOMETERS HAVE A BETTER RESPONSE
TIME (HOW QUICKLY THEY ADJUST TO
CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE) THAN DOES A
BIMETAL STRIP
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CRICKET CHIRPS
ADD THE NUMBER 40 TO THE NUMBER OF
CRICKET CHIRPS YOU COUNT IN A 14
SECOND PERIOD AND THIS WILL EQUAL THE
AIR TEMPERATURE
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CALORIE - AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO
RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF
WATER BY 1 DEGREE CELSIUS
JOULE
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU)
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AMOUNT OF HEAT REQUIRED TO CHANGE
THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF A
SUBSTANCE BY 1 DEGREE CELSIUS
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HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT MEANS THAT IT TAKES
MORE TIME/ENERGY TO RAISE THE
TEMPERATURE AND THAT THE SUBSTANCE
WILL HOLD THE HEAT LONGER
LOW SPECIFIC HEAT MEANS THAT THE
SUBSTANCE HEATS AND COOLS QUICKLY
WATER
1.000
ICE
.478
WOOD
.420
ROCK
.192
SAND
.188
AIR
.171
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MARINE OR MARITIME (COASTAL) LOCATIONS
HAVE A CLIMATE MODERATED BY THE
SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER
CONTINENTAL (LAND) LOCATIONS WOULD
HAVE A GREATER RANGE IN SEASONAL
TEMPERATURES (HOTTER SUMMERS AND
COLDER WINTERS)
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MEAN = (HIGH TEMPERATURE + LOW
TEMPERATURE) DIVIDED BY 2
RANGE = HIGH TEMPERATURE - LOW
TEMPERATURE
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LINE THAT CONNECTS EQUAL TEMPERATURE
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RESEARCH INDICATES THAT THE IDEAL
TEMPERATURE FOR HUMAN COMFORT IS
WHEN THE OUTSIDE AVERAGE DAILY
TEMPERATURE IS 70 F. ENGINEERS HAVE
DETERMINED THAT THE OUTDOOR
TEMPERATURE AVERAGE MUST BE 65 F IN
ORDER THAT THE INDOOR AVG = 70F
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AMOUNT OF HEAT REQUIRED TO RAISE THE
TEMPERATURE TO 65 F
EVERY ONE DEGREE BELOW 65 F = ONE
HEATING DEGREE DAY
HIGH = 55 & LOW = 45 ; AVG = 50 SINCE 50
IS 15 DEGREES BELOW 65F; THEN THE
HEATING DEGREES = 15
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AMOUNT OF COOLING NEEDED TO LOWER
YOUR TEMPERATURE TO 65 F
EVERY DEGREE ABOVE 65 F = ONE COOLING
DEGREE DAY
IF HIGH = 90 & LOW = 70; AVG = 80 SINCE
80 IS 15 DEGREES ABOVE 65 THEN YOU HAVE
15 COOLING DEGREE DAYS
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MIAMI
PHOENIX
ST. LOUIS
SAN DIEGO
CHICAGO
SEATTLE
4000
3000
1500
1200
1000
200
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RADIATION
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
ADVECTION
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APPARENT TEMPERATURE
 HEAT INDEX
 WIND CHILL FACTOR
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