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Review the key words and phrases learned previously
锋面 :
Front
气团：
Air mass
暖区：
Warm sector
气压系统： Pressure system
锢囚:
Occlusion
低压：
Depression; low
高压：
Anticyclone; high
低压槽:
Trough
高压脊：
Ridge
气压梯度:
Pressure gradient
填塞：
Fill
加深:
Deepen
Try to answer the following questions
1. What is the difference between backing and veering？
Backing means a change in the direction of wind in an anti-clockwise
direction, while veering, clockwise direction.
2. Under what condition will occlusion happen?
The cold front moves faster than the warm front and gradually overtakes it,
causing the warm to be lifted up from the surface. When this happens the
depression is said to be occluded, known as occlusion.
3. What type of weather will a steep pressure gradient and a
weak gradient respectively indicate?
Weather in strong or steep pressure gradients is normally subject to
sudden changes with varying wind force and direction while weak gradient
indicates that the weather changes are gradual and predictable.
4. What type of barometer is most commonly used aboard ship?
Aneroid barometer.
Radio Weather Messages
Warnings
Synopses
Forecasts
direction and speed of wind, the
Gale
Storm
General
Hurricane
Situation, Synoptic
weather, temperature, visibility
Warnings Warnings Situation,
WarningsSynopsis, Summary
and state of the sky and sea
8-9
10-11
12 or above
over a period 12 or 24 hours
pressure systems and fronts, their direction, speed of movement
Low, high, front
• 大风警报：
Gale Warning
• 暴风警报：
Storm Warning
• 飓风警报：
Hurricane Warning
• 紧急的：
Imminent
• 大势：
Synopsis, General situation, Synoptic situation, Summary
Overcast
• 阴：
• 晴：
Clear, fine, fair
• 零星阵雨：
Scattered shower
• 局部阵雨：
• 雷暴雨：
Isolated shower
thunderstorm
• 轻浪/中浪/大浪： slight, moderate, rough
• 能见度不良/中等/良好： poor, moderate, good
Vocabulary study
imminent [5iminEnt] adj. 紧急的（自原发报时间起4小时之内）
soon [`su:n] adj. 不久（约4小时以后和12小时以前）
later [5leitE] adj. 以后（约12小时以后）
synopsis [si5nCpsis] n. (pl. synopses) 大势
barometric [7bArEu5metrik] adj. 大气的，气压的
tendency [5tendEnsi] n. 趋势
summary [5sQmEri] n. 大势，总结，摘要
issue [5isju:] vt. 发布
issuance [5iFu(:)Ens] n.
persist
in
the
study of English
persist [pE(:)5sist] vi. 持续
坚持学习英语
swell [swel] n.
涌
patch [pAtF]
n. the
片，小块地
On
top of very high montains
rain patches 小片地区有雨
snow persists thronghout the year.
on behalf of 代表
coastguard n.高山顶上,
海岸警卫队 积雪终年不化。
UTC= universal coordinated time 协调世界时
valid [5vAlid] adj. 有效的
tend [tend] vi. 趋向
outlook [5autluk] n. 气象预报（当天24小时以后的预报）
e – east 东
w – west 西
s – south 南
n – north 北
ely – easterly 偏东
sly – southerly 偏南
wly – westerly 偏西
nly – northerly 偏北
ne – northeast 东北
nw – northwest 西北
se – southeast 东南
sw – southwest 西南
ene – east-north-east 东北东 wsw – west-south-west 西南西
nm – nautical mile 海里
km – kilometer 公里
ml – mile 海里
mb – millibar 毫巴
kt – knot 节
vis – visibility 能见度
temp – temperature 温度
C – degrees Celsius 摄氏度
vrb – variable 风向不定
slw – slow 缓慢的
frq – frequent 经常的
stnr – stationary 静止的
qstnr– quasi-stationary 准静止
tempo – temporary 临时的
baro – barometer 气压表
ft – foot/feet 英尺
max – maximum 最大
sit – situation 形式
gmt–Greenwich Mean Time
z – zulu time 世界时
msg – message 电文
pd – period 句点
cma – comma 逗号
wkn – weaken 减弱
isol – isolated 局部的
ocnl – occasional 偶尔
dz – drizzle 毛毛雨
nc – no change 趋势少变
press – pressure 压力
deg – degree 度
mod – moderate 适中
min – minimum 最小
wx – weather 天气
世界时
wrng – warnings 警告
obsy – observatory 气象台
para – paragraph 段
pt – point 点
lgt – light 轻
sct – scattered 零星的
cld – cloudy 多云
ts – thunderstorm 雷阵雨
Beaufort wind scale
无风
0
Calm
1
Light air
2
Light
breeze
3
Gentle
breeze
<1
Ripples without crests.
软风
wavelet
crest [krest] n. 波峰
1-2
[5weivlit] n. 微
波，子波，小波
Small wavelets. Crests of glassy appearance, not
轻风
3-6 breaking horses.
whitecap
Large wavelets.
Crests begin to break;n.（海
scattered
微风
[5(h)waitkAp]
7-10 whitecaps.
面）翻白花，白浪花
和风
4
Flat.ripple [5ripl] n. 涟漪，
波纹，微波
Moderate
breeze
5
Fresh
breeze
清风
Strong
breeze
强风
6
Small waves with breaking
crests.
Fairly frequent
white horse
白涌头，白浪花
11-15 white horses.
spray [sprei] n. 水花，
Moderate waves of some length. Many
white horses.
浪花
16-20 Small amounts
foam [fEum]
of spray. n. 泡沫,
水沫
Long waves begin to form. White foam crests are
21-26 very frequent. Some airborne spray is present.
airborne [5ZEbC:n]
adj. 空中的，空气传播的
Beaufort wind scale
streak [stri:k] n.
条痕，小沟 Sea heaps up. Some foam from breaking waves is blown
疾风
7
Near gale
27-33
大风
8
Gale
34-40
烈风
9
Strong
gale
into streaks along wind direction. Moderate amounts of
airborne spray.
spindrift
[5spindrift] n. 海
Moderately high waves with breaking crests forming
浪的飞沫，浪花
spindrift. Well-marked
streaks of foam are blown along
wind direction. Considerable airborne spray.
High waves whose crests sometimes roll over. Dense foam
overhang
is blown
along wind direction. Large amounts of airborne
41-47
[5EuvE5hAN]
vi. 悬visibility.
spray may begin to reduce
于……之上, 悬垂
狂风
1
0
Storm
48-55
56-63
tumbling
[5tQmbliN]
n. 翻of foam,
Exceptionally high waves.
Very large patches
跟头，翻筋斗
driven before the wind, cover
much of the sea surface. Very
≥ 64
Huge waves. Sea is completely white with foam and spray.
Air is filled with driving spray, greatly reducing visibility.
暴风
1
1
1
2
Violent
storm
飓风
Hurricane
Very high waves with overhanging crests. Large patches of
foam from wave crests give the sea a white appearance.
Considerable tumbling of waves with heavy impact. Large
amounts of airborne spray reduce visibility.
large amounts of airborne spray severely reduce visibility.
Wave scale
3
Slight
轻浪
4
Moderate
中浪
5
Rough
大浪
furrow
Waves rockvt.buoys and small craft.
0.5 - 1.25[5fQrEu]
犁，耕，弄绉
1.25 - 2.5 Sea becoming furrowed.
2.5 - 4
巨浪
6
Very rough
4-6
狂浪
7
High
8
Very high
狂涛/猛涛
Phenomenal
怒涛/非凡
现象
9
Sea deeply furrowed.
Sea much disturbed with rollers
having steep fronts.
Sea much disturbed with rollers
having steep fronts (damage to
6-9
foreshore).
precipitous
[pri5sipitEs] adj.
Towering seas.
9 - 14陡峭的，急躁的
Precipitous seas (experienced only
Over 14
in cyclones).
Visibility scale
0
Dense fog
密雾
0-50m
1
Thick fog
浓雾
50-200m
2
Fog
雾
200-500m
3
Moderate fog
轻雾
500-1000m
4
Thin fog or mist
薄雾
1-2kms
5
Vis. poor
能见度不好
2-4kms
6
Vis. moderate
能见度中等
4-10kms
7
Vis. good
能见度好
10-20kms
8
Vis. very good
能见度极好
20-50kms
9
Vis. exceptional
能见度异常好
注意公里和海里的换算。1 mile ≈ 1.852 km
50kms
Part Two Marine Weather
Introduction
关于，至于
[hju:5midi
ti] n.
state
of湿气，湿度
the earth's
Weather is the
atmosphere with
respect to
航迹推算，船位
[treis]
vt. 回溯，探
积算 The
process
temperature, humidity, precipitation, visibility,
cloudiness,
and
calculating
other factors. All weather may be traced to the 索
effectofof
the sun
one‘s position,
on the earth. 水平
Most运动
changes in weather involve large-scale
esp. at sea, by
horizontal motion of air. Weather is of vital importance
to the the
estimating
mariners. The wind and state of the sea affect deaddirection
reckoning
and
traveled
and reduced visibility limits celestial[si5lestjEl,
piloting. The state of thedistance
atmosphere
si5lestFEl] adj. 天文 rather than by
affects electronic navigation的，天体的
and radio communication. If the
using landmarks,
skies are overcast, celestial observations are not available;
and
astronomical
under certain conditions refraction and dip are disturbed.
Whenor
observations,
wind is the primary
motive power, knowledge of the electronic
areas of
[ri5frAkF
[dip] n. 眼高差
navigation
n. 折光，
favorable winds is En]
of great
importance. Modern
vessels
are still
水平线和视平线夹角
methods 利用航
折射
affected considerably by
wind and sea.
[kEn5sIdErEbElI]
adv. 相当地
向和航速，并计
算风流因素得到
Passage One Tropical Cyclones
Vocabulary study
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
equator [i5kweitE] n. 赤道
baffle [5bAfl] vt. 困惑, 阻碍
baffling wind 不定向风
doldrums [5dCldrEmz] n. 赤道无风带
willy-willy [5wili5wili] n. 畏来风，（澳大利亚的）强热带
气旋
baguio [bB:^i:5Eu] n. 碧瑶风（菲律宾的强烈热带气旋）
circular [5sE:kjulE] adj. 圆形的，环形的
elliptical [i5liptikEl] adj. 椭圆的
whirling [(h)wE:liN] adj. 旋转的
eddy [5edi] n. 旋转, 漩涡
calm [kB:m] n. 静风
horse latitudes 副热带无风带
precede [pri(:)5si:d] vt. 在……之前, 先于
cirrus [5sirEs] n. 卷云
bearing [5bZEriN] n. 方位
reliably [ri5laiEbli] adv. 可靠地
distinct [dis5tiNkt] adj. 明显的, 截然不同的
diurnal [dai5E:nl] adj. 全日的，每日的, 白天的
signify [5si^nifai] vt. 表示, 意味
cirrostratus [5sirEu5strB:tEs] n. 卷层云
bank [bANk] n. (云)层
horizon [hE5raizn] n. 地平线
gusty [5^Qsti] adj. 阵风的
portion [5pC:FEn] n. 一部分
semicircle [5semi5sE:kl] n. 半圆
dangerous semicircle 危
险半圆
navigable [5nAvi^Ebl] adj. 适于航行的，可航的 navigable
semicircle 可航半圆
add to 增加
subtract [sEb5trAkt] vt. (～ from) 减去, 减
peak [pi:k] vt. 到达最高点 n. 山顶，最高峰
statistical [stE5tistikEl] adj. 统计的，统计学的
encompass [in5kQmpEs] vt. 包围，环绕，包含
Tropical Cyclones
Near the equator lies a low-pressure belt where winds are either light
and variable or nonexistent. There are frequent thunderstorms and
squalls. This belt of baffling winds and rain is called the doldrums and is
the breeding place of the most violent of all storms— tropical cyclones.
In 赤道附近的低压带中刮风向不定的清风，或者无风，常有雷暴雨和狂风。这
the Atlantic, tropical cyclones are known as hurricanes; in the Pacific,
as typhoons;
in Australia, as willy-willies; and in the Philippines,
as
个风向不定的低压带被称为赤道无风带，是最猛烈的一种暴风
— 热带气旋
的孳生地。
baguios.
All are alike in character. The use of the term "hurricane" will
apply to all of these systems.
Hurricanes are circular or elliptical whirling eddies of air up to 400
这种暴风的典型特征是在直径为5到40海里的暴风中心或风眼处平静无风，当暴
miles
in diameter. Wind speeds reach as high as 150 or more knots near
风风眼到达一个地区上空时，原本猛烈的风明显减速，有时还会风平浪静，降水
the
center, but decrease toward the edges. In the Northern Hemisphere,
停止。当暴风风眼经过后，风从相反方向吹来。
the wind blows in a counterclockwise direction; in the Southern
Hemisphere, it blows in a clockwise direction. Typical of these storms is a
calm at the center or eye, which may be 5 to 40 miles in diameter. When
the eye of a storm passes over an area, wind that has been violent
decreases to a much lower speed and at times becomes calm and
precipitation stops. When the eye has passed, the winds come from the
opposite direction.
The actual cause of the formation of hurricanes is unknown. Soon
after they form, they begin to move at speeds from 5 to 20 miles per
hour. In the Northern Hemisphere, they generally follow a slightly
curving path to the north and west until reaching the horse latitudes.
The hurricanes then re-curve to the northeast, pick up speed over the
surface, become less violent, and finally blow themselves out. In the
Southern
Hemisphere, the general path of hurricanes is first to the
在北半球，热带气旋通常沿着稍弯的路径向北向西前进直到抵达副热带无风带，然
southwest
and then they re-curve to the southeast. The life of a
后重新折回东北，加速、减弱并最终消散。
hurricane is about 10 days.
Hurricanes are usually preceded by a day of good visibility.
Temperature and pressure are slightly higher than normal. Cirrus
clouds appear. Wind changes direction and increases in force; sea
swells increase their period. At night, the temperature is generally
lower than normal. During the summer and fall in the Gulf of Mexico
and the Caribbean Sea, the bearing of the storm is reliably indicated
by the direction from which the swells come. In any other area this
sign is unreliable.
.
A vessel in the navigable semicircle would probably be blown to a
position behind the storm. It is also clear that speed of the wind in the
right semicircle would be greater as the speed of the storm over the
surface would be added to the speed of the wind. In the left semicircle,
speed of the storm would be subtracted from speed of the wind;
therefore, wind and sea would be less violent.
In the Northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct hurricane season occurs
from June 1 to November 30, sharply peaking from late August through
September. The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is 10
September. The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of
activity, but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic. The Northwest Pacific
sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and
March and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms
are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and
November. In the Southern Hemisphere, the tropical cyclone year
begins on July 1 and runs all year round and encompasses the tropical
cyclone seasons which run from November 1 until the end of April with
peaks in mid-February to early March.
Passage Two Prevailing Winds and Fogs
Vocabulary study
prevailing [pri5veiliN] adj. 主要的, 流行的，盛行的
prevailing westerlies 盛行西风带
expand [iks5pAnd] vi. 膨胀，扩张
contract [5kCntrAkt] vt. 缩短，收缩
equatorial [7ekwE5tC:riEl, i:k-] adj. 近赤
道的, 赤道的
polar [5pEulE] adj. 两极的, 极地的
poleward [5pEJlwEd] adj. 向南（或北）极的，向极的
excess [ik5ses, 5ekses] n. 过度，过剩
definite [5definit] adj. 明确的, 一定的
extend [iks5tend] vi. 延伸，伸展
in the vicinity of 在……附近
shift [Fift] vi. 转换，移动
characterize [5kArIktEraIz] vt. 表现……的特色
trade wind 信风
permanent [5pE:mEnEnt] adj. 永久的, 持久的
duration [djuE5reiFEn] n. 持续时间, 为期
due [dju:] adj. 正向着的
due west 正西
land mass 大陆块
land breeze 向海风，陆风
sea breeze 向陆风，海风（从海上吹来的和风）
alternating [C:l5tE:nitiN] adj. 交互的
adjoining [E5dVCiniN] adj. 邻接的
penetrate [5penitreit] vi. 穿透，渗透，弥漫
onshore [5Cn5FC:] adv. 向着海岸，在陆上
offshore [5C(:)fFC:] adv. 向海面吹地，离岸地，近海地
monsoon [mCn5su:n] n. 季风
torrential [tC5renFEl] adj. 猛烈的，奔流的
suspend [sEs5pend] vi. 悬浮
radiation fog 辐射雾
advection fog 海面雾，平流雾
steam fog 蒸汽雾
evaporation [i7vApE5reiFEn] n. 蒸发（作用）
saturate [5sAtFEreit] vt., vi.（使）饱和
frontal fog 锋面雾
Prevailing Winds
Doldrums: The low pressure belt extending around the earth in
the vicinity of the geographical equator. They shift slightly north
or south with the seasons. They are characterized by light winds,
cloudiness, afternoon thunderstorms and showers, and a
depressing humidity.
赤道无风带是在地理赤道附近围绕地球延伸的低压带，随着季节的变化会稍
Trade
winds: The relatively permanent winds on each side of
微向北或向南移动。其特征为轻风、多云、午后雷暴雨和阵雨、湿度高、闷
热。
the
equatorial doldrums that blow from the northeast in the
副热带无风带是南北半球分别位于信风带向极地方向的高压区，静风和不定
Northern
Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern
向风盛行。与赤道无风带不同，在赤道无风带，空气清新，天气晴朗，静风
Hemisphere.
持续时间不长。
Horse latitudes: These are zones of high atmospheric pressure
on the poleward side of each trade wind where calms and
variable winds prevail. The conditions are unlike those in the
doldrums where the air is fresh and clear and calms are not of
long duration.
Prevailing westerlies: The prevailing westerly winds (winds
blowing from the west) are those on the poleward sides of the
horse latitudes.
Land and sea breeze: The cause of land and sea breezes is the
alternating heating and cooling of coastal land and sea areas.
The land, particularly in summer, is warmer than the sea by day
and cooler than the sea by night. Therefore, there is a variation
in atmospheric pressure over adjoining land and sea areas. This
causes a system of littoral breezes which blow landward during
the day and seaward during the night. These land and sea
breezes usually penetrate to a distance of about 30 miles
onshore and offshore, and extend to a height of a few hundred
feet.
Fog
Radiation fog: Radiation fog occurs at night. It only forms when
the land cools; which in turn, cools the air above.
Advection fog: Advection fog is the most widespread type
likely to be encountered at sea and occurs when warm air
flows over a cool surface. Advection fog can form only in
regions where marked temperature contrasts exist within a
short distance of each other and only when the wind blows
from the warm area toward the cold area.
Steam fog: Steam fog is a type of advection fog. It occurs when
cool air blows over a warm surface. Evaporation from the warm
surface easily saturates the cool air, causing fog, which rises from
the surface like smoke.
Frontal fog: Frontal fog occurs in the cold air mass of a front. As
warm rain falls into the cold air, it evaporates, saturating the cool air
and causing the fog. Although the cool air already is saturated,
evaporation from the rain continues as long as the temperature of
the raindrops is higher than the temperature of the air. Frontal fogs
are rarely caused by cold fronts because they usually move so
rapidly and have such narrow bands of precipitation. Warm fronts,
on the other hand, cause deep and long-lasting fogs that are
considered the worst type to encounter.
Homework
• Review the passages learned today and
memorize the key words and expressions.
• Preview passage three and part three and
pay attention to the following points:
• How many types of clouds are there in those
three different cloud families and what are they?
• What type of weather does each cloud indicate?
• Familiarize yourself with the basic knowledge of
weather routing.