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Transcript 
North Carolina’s Shellfish Industry:
Site Conditions and Economic Impacts
A statewide survey of shellfish leaseholders
James Morris
Marc J. Turano, North Carolina Sea Grant
Martin Posey, University of North Carolina Wilmington
Troy Alphin, University of North Carolina Wilmington
North Carolina
UNC-SG-12-01 * www.ncseagrant.org
De
evelopingg Tools fo
or the Gro
owth of the N.C. SShellfish Industry:
Site Condition
C
n Assessm
ment and
d Econom
mic Impaccts
Marc Turano
na is a small, yeet traditionallyy important in
ndustry to coasstal communitties,
Shellfish aquaculture in North Carolin
plemental inco me. Despite an
n increase in seeafood deman
nd,
providing locally grown clams and oyssters and supp
nder lease and
d total numberr of leases has remained relaatively constan
nt in recent yea
ars. This project
acreage un
examined the scope of th
he shellfish aqu
uaculture indu
ustry in North Carolina. Facttors surveyed iincluded the
n by species an
nd culture metthod, sales of sh
hellfish by speecies and size, m
market value o
of cultured pro
oduct,
production
seed sourcces, future prod
duction and co
onstraints to production.
p
Of the 228 surveyys sent to Nortth Carolina
leaseholdeers, 22% were completed. Reespondents rep
ported operatioons of leased a
acreage rangin
ng from 0.5 to 86
acres, 41%
% of which werre located in Ca
arteret Countyy. Shellfish cultture operation
ns were in busiiness for 15 yeears
on averagee, with 19% off respondents’ income generated from shelllfish culture a
activities. Clam
ms and oysters were
the dominant species of culture, with the
t majority prroducing bothh species. The ttop concerns of leaseholderss were
ater quality. A mixed responsse was receiveed about the viiew of the indu
ustry in the futture.
theft, hurrricanes and wa
Of the resp
pondents, 42%
% thought the industry would
d grow in the nnext five years,, 38% thoughtt the industry w
would
decline, an
nd 20% felt thee industry wou
uld remain stab
ble. Substantiaal potential exxists for curren
nt leaseholderss to
expand because most utiilize extensive methods for shellfish
s
produuction with rela
atively low yieelds. Modest
o existing lea
ases would provide a significa
ant increase inn shellfish prodduction. Largee-scale increasses in
increases on
North Caro
olina’s shellfish industry willl likely requiree new operatioons that generrate primary in
ncome. Assistance
with siting
g new shellfish leases could reduce
r
risks fro
om theft and pproblematic water quality, a
and therefore sshould
be included when consid
dering how to best
b assist growth in the inddustry.
Funding fo
or this study was provided
d to North Carolina Sea Gr ant by the NO
OAA Sea Gran
nt Aquaculturre
Extension
n and Technollogy Transfer 2010 program
m through Grrant # NA10O
OAR4170080Ǥ
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North Carolina
C
Sh
hellfish Aquaculture
Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Šƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—
—”‡ǡ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽŽ›‘ŽŽ—••ǡ
ƒ……‘—–•ˆˆ‘”–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆǤǤƒ”‹‡‡ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡‡
’”‘†—…–‹‘ȋ“—ƒƒ…—Ž–—”‡ǡʹͲͲͻ
ͻȌǤǤǤ
ʹͲͲ͹–‘–ƒŽ‡†ƒƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›
›
‘ŽŽ—•’”‘†—…–‹‘‹ʹ
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‹…
…‘’‘‡
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—•‡”‰”‘—’
’•Ǥ‘†ƒ–‡ǡ–Š
Š‡•‡…‘…‡”•Šƒ˜‡‘–
„‡‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†ǡ‹’ƒ”–„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‹†‡’‡†‡‡–ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ––Š‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ
š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Šƒ“—ƒ……—Ž–—”‡
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’”‡••‡†‹
”—”ƒŽ…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ…‘—‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡ŽŽˆ‹•Šƒƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡
North Caro
olina Shellfish Industry
I
2000
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Acreage
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
2005
2006
2007
Year
Acreage
2008
Number of leases
Figure 1. Recent history of shellfish leases
in North Carolina.
2009
# leases
Methods
ˆ‘—”Ǧ’ƒ”–•—”˜‡›™ƒ•†‡˜˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘‡˜ƒƒŽ—ƒ–‡
˜ƒ”‹‘‘—•ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆˆ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹
ƒǯ••Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š
‹†—
—•–”›Ǥ‘’‹…•‹
…Ž—†‡†Ž‡ƒ•‡ƒ†„—•‹‡••
‘›•–‡”’”‘†—…––‹‘ǡ
‹ˆ‘””ƒ–‹‘ǡ…Žƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ‘
ƒ†‘‘—–Ž‘‘ˆ‘”–Š
Š‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ…‘’›‘ˆ–Š‡•—
—”˜‡›
ƒ†‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…˜‡””•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡‡’‘”–…ƒ„‡ˆ‘
‘—†
‘Ž‹
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…‘’
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‘–ƒŽ‘ˆʹʹͺ•—””˜‡›•™‡”‡•‡
–
Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ
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Ǥ‡…‹‹’‹‡–•™‡”‡ƒƒ•‡†
Ž‡ƒ•‡‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ˆ”‘
–‘…‘‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡•—
—”˜‡›™‹–Š‹––Š”‡‡™‡‡•Ǥ
ˆ–‡”
–Š‡‹
‹–‹ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†ǡƒƒ”‡‹†‡”’‘
‘•–…ƒ”†™ƒ••‡‡–
‡š–‡
†‹‰–Š‡†‡ƒ †Ž‹‡ˆ‘”ƒƒ†
††‹–‹‘ƒŽ–Š”‡‡
1
North Carolina Sea Grant
™‡‡•Ǥ—””˜‡›†ƒ–ƒ™‡””‡•—ƒ”‹œ‡†
†—•‹‰
†‡•…”‹’–‹˜
˜‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹…•ǡ™
™Š‡”‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
Figure 2. Shellfish lease size distribution in
North Carolina.
Frequency (%)
Results
ˆ–Š‡ʹʹͺ•—”˜‡›•••‡–ǡͶͻ™‡”‡‡…‘’Ž‡–‡†ǡ
ˆ‘”ƒʹʹΨ”‡•’‘•‡”ƒ–‡‡ǤŽŽ„—–‘‡••—”˜‡›™‡”‡
†„›Šƒ†ƒ†”‡–—”‡†˜‹ƒƒ‹ŽǤŠ‡
…‘’Ž‡–‡†
ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ”‡‹†‡”’‘••–…ƒ”†•—„•–ƒ
–‹ƒŽŽ›
‹…”‡ƒ•‡†”‡–—”•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™
™‹‰–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒƒŽ†‡ƒ†Ž‹‡Ǥ
O
General Operations
‡’‡‡†‹‰‘–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š
’”‘†—…‡”‹‹‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒƒ›—–‹Ž‹œœ‡ƒ•‹‰Ž‡
Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ‘”…‘„‹‡’”‘†—
—…–‹‘ˆ”‘
—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•ǤǤ
†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––‘
‘–ƒŽŽ‡ƒ•‡†
—”˜‡›”‡••’‘†‡–•‹†
ƒ”‡ƒˆ‘”–Š
Š‡‹”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘
•”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘
ͲǤͷ–‘ͺ͸Ǥͷ
ƒ…”‡•ȋ‹‰—
—”‡ʹȌǤ
ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ”‡•’‘
‘†‡–•ǡͷͶΨǡ’”‘†—…‡†
•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š‘
‘ͷƒ…”‡•‘”Ž‡‡••ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„
„›ʹ͹Ψ
„‡–™‡‡ͷ
ͷƒ†ͳͲƒ…”‡••Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡••—”˜‡›
”‡•’‘†‡
–•Š‡Ž†Ž‡ƒ•‡••‹ƒ”–‡”‡–
‘—–›ȋͶͳΨȌǡǡ
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„
„›‡†‡”ǡ•Ž‘™ƒ†›†‡…‘—–‹‡•ǡƒŽŽŽ
™‹–ŠͳͺΨȋ‹‰—”‡͵ȌǤ‡‡ƒ•‡•‡š‹•–‹‘
‘–Š‡”
…‘—–‹‡•‘
‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡŠ‘
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…‘’ŽŽ‡–‡†•—”˜‡›•
™‡”‡‘–‘
‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘
–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
Š‡•‡•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•ŠŽ‡ƒ•‡•™‡”‡’ƒ”––‘ˆ
‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‡‰‰–Š•‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ
„—•‹‡••‡•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘
†„‡‡‘’‡ˆ‘
‘”‘Ž›ƒ
‘‡™‡”‡‡™ƒ†Šƒ†
›‡ƒ”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•™‡”‡‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‘ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–
Šƒ†„‡‡ŽŽ‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”‘””‡–ŠƒͳͲͲ›‡‡ƒ”•ȋ‹‰—”‡
ͶȌǤˆ–Š‡ŽŽ‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”•••—”˜‡›‡†ǡʹ͵Ψ
؊ƒ†„‡‡‹
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ͳ͸ƒƒ†ʹͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
Š‹•™ƒ•
„›„—•‹‡••‡•‹‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆˆ‘”ͳ–‘ͷǡ͸–‘
‘
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„
ͳͲǡƒ†ͳͳ
ͳ–‘ͳͷ›‡ƒ”•ǡ‡‡ƒ…Š”‡’”‡•‡
–‹‰ʹͳΨǤ
‰‡‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡ƒŒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”•
‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†
†Ž‡••–Šƒƒ–Š
Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹
…‘‡ˆ”‘
•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š…—Ž–—”‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‹‡•ǡ™‹–Š‘•–‘„–ƒ‹‹‰
ͷΨ‘”Ž‡•••‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ‡ƒ”‹‹‰•ˆ”‘–Š‹•™‘”ȋ‹‰—”‡‡
ͷȌǤ††‹–‹‘
‘ƒŽ‹…‘‡ˆ‘
‘”Ž‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡””•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†
ˆ”‘…‘
‡”…‹ƒŽˆ‹•Š‹‰ǡ•Š‘”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
†
‡’Ž‘›‡‡–‘”•‘‡‘––Š‡”•‘—”…‡ǡƒ
†”ƒ‰‡†
ˆ”‘͵ͺ–‘
‘Ͷ͹Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‹…‘‡ȋ‹‰—
—”‡͸ȌǤ
Š‹Ž‡ƒ––‡’–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡‡ƒ–…—Ž–—”‹‰
ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘
‘ˆ•’‡…‹‡•ǡ–Š‡•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š…—Ž–—
—”‡‹†—•–”›
‹‘”–Š
ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ‹•†‘
‹ƒ–‡†„›…Žƒƒ•ƒ†
‘›•–‡”•Ǥ—
—”˜‡›”‡•’‘†
†‡–•”‡’‘”–‡†
†…Žƒ
’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡‘ʹ͹Ψ‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•‡•ǡ‘›
›•–‡”
†„‘–Š…Žƒ
’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡‘͵ͳΨ‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•‡•ǡƒ
‘ͶͳΨ‘ˆŽ‡ƒ••‡•ȋ‹‰—”‡
ƒ†‘›•–‡””’”‘†—…–‹‘‘
͹ȌǤ•ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’ȋʹΨȌƒƒŽ•‘”‡’‘”–‡†•…ƒŽŽ‘’ǡ
†‘›•–‡”’”‘†—
—…–‹‘Ǥ
…Žƒ•ƒ†
‡…ƒ—•‡–‡…Š‹“—‡‡•ˆ‘”•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š
Š…—Ž–—”‡˜ƒ”›
™ƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”†‹˜
˜‹†‡†‹–‘
„›•’‡…‹‡••ǡ–Š‡•—”˜‡›™
•—„•‡…–‹‘
•ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š•’‡‡…‹‡•Ǥ
North Caro
olina Shellfish Industry
I
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Lease Size (acres)
Frequency (%)
Figure 3. Breakdown of shellfish leases
by county.
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Figure 4. Distribution of age of shellfish
aquaculture operations in North Carolina.
Frequency (%)
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Years in operation
Frequency (%)
Figure 5. Histogram of the percent of income
generated from shellfish culture.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Percent of Income
2
North Carolina Sea Grant
‹…Ž—
—†‡•ƒŽŽ’Šƒ•‡••‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘
‘ǡŠƒ–…Š‡”›ȋ
‘–
‹…Ž—
—†‡†‹–Š‡•—””˜‡›Ȍǡ—”•‡”››ƒ†‰”‘™‘—––Ǥ
š–‡•‹˜‡‡‡–Š‘†•”‡Ž›‘
™‹Ž†‘›•–‡”ŽŽƒ”˜ƒ‡
‘”•
ƒŽŽŒ—˜‡‹Ž‡•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡”‡†—
—…‡†ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽŽ
‹’—
—–ǡŽƒ„‘”ǡƒ†””‹•Ǥš–‡•‹˜‡‡‡–Š‘†•”‡•—
—Ž–‹
†•Ǥ–‡•‹˜‡‘››•–‡”’”‘†—…––‹‘
Ž‘™‡‡”‘›•–‡”›‹‡Ž†
—–‹Ž‹œœ‡•‘›•–‡”Žƒ”˜˜ƒ‡‘”•‡‡†’—
—”…Šƒ•‡†ˆ”‘
ƒ
Šƒ–…Š
Š‡”›ǡƒ†…—Ž––—”‡†ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡””†‡•‹–‹‡•Ǥ
–‡
•‹˜‡’”‘†—…–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡•Š
Š‹‰Š‡”—’ˆ”‘––
…‘•–••ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•Žƒ„
„‘”ǡƒ†”‹•ǡ„—–‘ˆˆ‡”•–Š‡‡
’‘–‡ –‹ƒŽˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‡‡”›‹‡Ž†•ƒ†‰‰”‡ƒ–‡”’”‘ˆ‹–ǤǤ
ƒ•‡†‘•—””˜‡›”‡•’‘•‡‡•ǡ‘•–‘›•–‡””•
‰”‘™
™‘‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•‡••‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†ˆ””‘
’Žƒ––‹‰…—Ž–…ŠȄ •Š‡ŽŽƒ–‡”‹ƒƒŽ’Žƒ…‡†‘–Š
Š‡
„‘––‘‘–‘ƒ…–ƒ•ƒ–––ƒ…Š‡–’‘‹‹–•ˆ‘”•’ƒ–ƒ†
”‡Žƒ››‹‰Œ—˜‡‹Ž‡‘
‘›•–‡”•ˆ”‘……Ž‘•‡†™ƒ–‡”•
—†‡‡”’‡”‹–ȋ‹‰‰—”‡ͳͲȌǤ‡Žƒ››‡†‘›•–‡”•ƒ””‡
–”ƒ••ˆ‡””‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ••‡†„‘––‘ǡˆ‘
‘”‰”‘™‘—––‘
ƒ”‡–•‹œ‡Ǥ
Figure 6. Origin of additional income
obtained by NC shellfish leaseholders.
Percent of income (%)
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Comm. Fish
Shore Based
Other
duction
Clam Prod
Žƒ
ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡‹‹‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ…‘•‹•–•
‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡‡’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆ’””‘†—…–‹‘ǣŠƒ–…Š‡”›ȋ‘–
‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‹••—”˜‡›ȌȌǡ‘”•’ƒ™‹‰‰‘ˆ
™‹‰•ƒŽŽ
„”‘‘†•–‘……Ǣ—”•‡”›”‡ƒƒ”‹‰ǡ‘”‰”‘™
•‡‡†–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡”•‹œ‡’”‹‘
‘”–‘’Žƒ–‹‰‘–Š‡
†‰”‘™‘—––‘
‘ƒ”‡–•‹œ‡ǤŽŽ—•‡‘Ǧ
„‘––‘Ǣƒ
„‘––‘…—
—Ž–—”‡‡–Š‘†•Ǥ
‡Ǧ“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆ•—””˜‡›”‡•’‘†‡‡–•”‡ƒ”‡†
‰–Š‡—”•‡”›
›’Šƒ•‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡͹ͳΨ
•‡‡††—”‹
…—Ž–—”‡†……Žƒ•†—”‹‰‰
‰”‘™‘—–Ǥ‡‡†’—”…Šƒ•‡•
™‡”‡ƒ‹
Ž›ˆ”‘‹Ǧ•–ƒƒ–‡•—’’Ž‹‡”•ȋȋ͹ͲΨȌǡ™‹–Š
ʹ͵Ψ‘ˆ”‡••’‘†‡–•’—”…Šƒ•‹‰•‡‡†
†ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡‡
–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
‘‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘
‘•ȋ͹ΨȌ’—”……Šƒ•‡†•‡‡†
ˆ”‘„‘–Š
Š‹Ǧƒ†‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡•‘—”…‡‡•Ǥˆ–‡”ˆ‹ƒŽ
‰”‘™‘—–ǡͻ
ͻͻΨ‘ˆ•‡‡†’
’”‘†—…‡†„›–Š
Š‡”‡•’‘†‹‰‰
Ž‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡‡”•™ƒ••‘Ž†–‘
‘‹Ǧ•–ƒ–‡„—›
›‡”•Ǥ
”‹‘””–‘•ƒŽ‡ǡ…Žƒ••ƒ”‡…‘‘
Ž›‰”ƒ†‡†
‹–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ–Š”‡‡‘ˆ™Š‹…Š
Šƒ”‡‘•–
‘ˆ–‡—•‡†
†‹–Š‡‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ‹†—
—•–”›ǣ
Ž‹––Ž‡‡…••ǡ…Š‡””›•–‘‡‡•ƒ†…Š‘™†‡‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡
–Š”‡‡‰”ƒ†
†‡•ƒ”‡•‘Ž†„‘
‘–Š™Š‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡ƒ†”‡–ƒ‹ŽǤ
—”˜‡›”‡••—Ž–•ˆ‘”ƒ˜‡”ƒƒ‰‡’”‹…‹‰‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
‰”ƒ†‡•ƒ”‡‡•Š‘™‹‹‰
‰—”‡ͺˆ‘”™Š‘
‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡ƒ†
‹‰—”‡ͻˆ‘
‘””‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒŽ‡•ǤǤ
…”‘•••ƒŽŽ‰”ƒ†‡•ǡ™
™Š‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡’”‹……‡•ˆ‘”…Žƒ•
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†ͳʹǤͷ…‡–•’‡””…Žƒǡƒ†”ƒ
‰‡†ˆ”‘ͻ
˜‡”ƒ‰‡™Š‘Ž‡••ƒŽ‡’”‹…‹‰
–‘ʹͲ…‡––•’‡”…ŽƒǤ˜
™ƒ•‰”‡ƒ–‡‡•–ˆ‘”Ž‹––Ž‡‡‡…•ȋͳ͵Ǥͺ…‡–•’‡”…ŽƒȌǡ
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„
„›…Š‡””›•–‘‡‡•ƒ–ͳ͵…‡–•’‡”…Žƒƒ†
…Š‘™†‡”•ƒ–ͳͲǤͺ…‡–•’‡”…ŽƒǤ‡–ƒƒ‹Ž’”‹…‹‰‘ˆ
†…Žƒ•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‰”ƒ†‡•
‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ…—Ž–—”‡†
‰‡†ˆ”‘ͳ͸
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†ͳ͹Ǥ͹…‡–•’‡””…Žƒǡƒ†”ƒ
–•Ǥ˜‡”ƒ‰‡””‡–ƒ‹Ž’”‹…‹‰ˆ‘
‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
–‘ͳͻǤ͹…‡
‰”ƒ†‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ƒ•‹‹Žƒƒ”’ƒ––‡”Ȅͳ
ͳͻǤ͹ǡͳͺƒ†
’‡”…Žƒˆ‘”Ž‹–––Ž‡‡…•ǡ…Š‡”””›•–‘‡•ƒ†
†
ͳ͸…‡–•’
…Š‘™†‡”•ǡǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
Oyster Prroduction
›•–‡‡”ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡‡‹‘”–Šƒ””‘Ž‹ƒ”‡Ž‹‡•
‘‡š–‡•‹‹˜‡ƒ†‹–‡••‹˜‡…—Ž–—”‡‡–Š‘†•ǡƒ†
North Caro
olina Shellfish Industry
I
Percent of leases (%)
Figure 7. Species cultured on shellfish leases
in North Carolina.
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Clams only
Oysters only
Clams and
oysters
Oysters , clams,
and scallops
Price per clam ($)
Figure 8. Wholesale prices for cultured
hard clams in North Carolina.
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Min
0.05
Max
0
Average
Price per clam ($)
Figure 9. Retail prices for cultured hard
clams in North Carolina.
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
Min
0.1
Max
0.05
Average
0
3
North Carolina Sea Grant
—†‡†
‡š’ƒƒ•‹‘ȋ‹‰—”‡‡ͳͷȌǤ–Š‡”‡‡›ˆƒ…–‘”•‹…Ž—
”‡‰—
—Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ”‡––‹‰ǡƒ†Žƒ…‘ˆŽ‘ƒ•‘”‰””ƒ–•Ǥ
‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”••™‡”‡†‹˜‹†‡†
†‘–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™
™•‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆˆ—–—”‡ˆ‘”‘”––Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ•Š
Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š…—Ž–—”‡‡Ǥ
„‘—
—–ͶʹΨ‘ˆ”‡•’
’‘†‡–•–Š‘—
—‰Š––Š‡‹†—••–”›
™‘—ŽŽ†‰”‘™‹–Š‡‡‡š–ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒƒ”•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡͵ͺΨ
Ψ
–Š‘—
—‰Š––Š‡‹†—•––”›™‘—Ž††‡……Ž‹‡ȋ‹‰—”‡ͳ
ͳ͸ȌǤ
™‡
–›’‡”…‡–‘ˆˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Š‡
‹†—
—•–”›™‘—Ž†„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‡‘˜‡”–Š‡‡š–ˆ‹˜‡›‡‡ƒ”•Ǥ
Percent of survey respondents
‹‰Š––›’‡”…‡–‘ˆ””‡•’‘†‡–•’
’Žƒ–‡†…—Ž–…Š
–‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–™
™‹Ž†‘›•–‡”Žƒ””˜ƒ‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡͸ͻ
ͻΨ
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‘›•–‡””‡Žƒ›’”‘‰””ƒǤ•ƒŽŽ
ΨȌ‘ˆ‘›•–‡”‰””‘™‡”•’—”…Šƒƒ•‡†Žƒ”˜ƒ‡
‰”‘—’ȋͷΨ
ƒ†•‡––Š‡‹”‘™•‡‡†ǡƒ’”‘…‡••„›™
™Š‹…Š‘›•–‡”
™‹–Š‹…”‘Ǧ
Žƒ”˜ƒ‡ƒ”‡’Žƒ…‡†‹–‘…ŽŽ‘•‡†–ƒ•™
…—Ž–…Šǡ‘”•ƒŽŽˆ”ƒ‰‡
–•‘ˆ•Š‡ŽŽ•ˆ‘
‘”–Š‡Žƒ”˜ƒŽ
—•‡‘•–…—Ž–—
—”‹•–•
‘›•–‡”•–‘ ƒ––ƒ…ŠǤ‡…ƒ—
‰–‘–Š‡•—”˜‡‡›—•‡†‡š–‡••‹˜‡…—Ž–—”‡
”‡•’‘†‹
‡–Š‘†•ȋȋ…—Ž–…Š’Žƒ–‹
‰ƒ†‘›•–‡””‡Žƒ›Ȍǡ
„‘––‘’Žƒƒ–‹‰‹•–Š‡’
’”‡ˆ‡””‡†‰”‘™
™‘—–‡–Š‘†Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡”‡–Š‘†
†•ˆ‘”‘›•–‡”‰”‘™‘—–Šƒ˜‡
†‘‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
„‡‡ƒ†ƒƒ”‡„‡‹‰—•‡†
‹‰—”‡ͳͳ•Š‘™•–Š‡˜ƒ””‹‘—•‰”‘™‘—––‡–Š‘†•
›–”‹‡†ǡƒ†–Š‘•‡…—””‡–Ž›„‡‹‰—•‡†Ǥ
’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›
‡ƒ•‡‡Š‘Ž†‡”•”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‡•—”˜‡›
‹†‹…ƒ–‡†––Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‰”‘™‘
‘—–‡–Š‘†•Ž‹‹•–‡†Šƒ˜‡
„‡‡–‡•–‡‡†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›––‘•‘‡†‡‰”‡‡‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
‘–ƒŽŽƒ”‡‡…—””‡–Ž›„‡‹‹‰—•‡†ǤŽ‘ƒ––„ƒ‰•ǡ–Š‡
‡™‡•–‰”‘™‘—–‡–Š‘†
†‹‘”–Šƒ””‘Ž‹ƒǡ™‡”‡
͹Ψ‘ˆ”‡•’‘†
†‡–•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡƒ†͸͹Ψ
—•‡†„›ͷ͹
ƒ”‡…—””‡
–Ž›—•‹‰–Š‡
Ǥ‘––‘…ƒ‰‰‡•Šƒ†„‡‡
–‡•–‡†„›Ͷ
ͶͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•—”˜‡›”‡•’‘†‡–•ǡƒŽŽ‘ˆ
™Š‘‘Ž‘‰‡”—•‡–Š‡‡–‡…Š‹“—‡Ǥ
Š‡”ƒ…Ǧƒ†Ǧ
‘†™ƒ•–‡•–‡†„›ͳͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‡•—”˜‡›
„ƒ‰‡–Š‘
”‡•’‘†‡
–•ǡƒ†‹•…—””‡–Ž›„‡‹‰—
—•‡†„›ʹͻΨǤ
Š‡…Š—„••›•–‡‹•…—”””‡–Ž›—•‡†„›
›ͳͶΨ‘ˆ
”‡•’‘†‡
–•Ǥ
—Ž–—
—”‡†‘›•–‡”•ƒŽ‡•‹‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒƒ”‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆˆ”‘…Žƒ•ǤŠ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–”—
—‡‰”ƒ†‡•ˆ‘”
‘›•–‡”•Ǥƒƒ–Š‡”ǡ‘›•–‡”••ƒ”‡•‘Ž†„›–Š
Š‡„—•Š‡Ž‘”
‘ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•‘
‘…‡–Š‡›”‡ƒ…Š–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ
‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡ™Š‹…Š‹•͵‹……Š‡•Ǥ—•Š‡Ž•
•‹œ‡ˆ‘”‘
‘ˆ‘›•–‡”•‹…Ž—†‡„‘–Š…Ž—•–‡”‡†ȋ—
—Ž–‹’Ž‡
‘›•–‡”•Ȍƒ†‹
†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‘”•‹‹‰Ž‡‘›•–‡”•Ǥ
ƒ––ƒ…Š‡†‘
ƒ•‡†‘••—”˜‡›”‡•’‘
•‡•ǡ–Š‡’‡”„
„—•Š‡Ž’”‹…‡
ˆ‘”‘›•–‡”••‰”‘™‘‘
‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•‡•
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†̈́
̈́͵ʹǡƒ†”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘̈́ʹͷ––‘̈́͵ͺȋ‹‰—”‡
ͳʹȌǤ”‹…‡••ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒƒŽ‘›•–‡”•ƒ˜‡””ƒ‰‡†͵ͷ
…‡–•’‡”‘
‘›•–‡”ƒ†”ƒ
‰‡†ˆ”‘͵Ͳ–‘Ͷͷ…‡–•
ȋ‹‰—”‡ͳ͵
͵ȌǤ
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Natural set
Oyster relay
Remote set
Figure 11. Percent of growers that have tried
and/or currently use various growing
methods.
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
Rack and bag Bottom cage Chub system
Previously Used
Float bags
Currently Used
Figure 12. Survey results on the per bushel
price of cultured oysters from NC leases.
$40.0
$35.0
$30.0
$25.0
Min
$20.0
Max
$15.0
Average
$10.0
$5.0
Industry Outlook
—”˜‡‡›”‡…‹’‹‡–•ƒƒŽ•‘”‡•’‘†‡‡†–‘
“—‡•–‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‡…—””‡–…‘†
†‹–‹‘ƒ†
†—•–”›ǤŠ‡–‘
‘’…‘…‡”•
ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ––Š‡•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š‹
‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•‡Š‘
‘Ž†‡”•ǡ‹†‡…”‡‡ƒ•‹‰‘”†‡”ǡ™
™‡”‡–Š‡ˆ–ǡ
Š—””‹…ƒ‡•ƒ†™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ™‹–Š͵ͺ
ͺΨǡ͵ͳΨƒ†
ʹ͹Ψ‘ˆ”‡••’‘†‡–••–ƒƒ–‹‰–Š‡›™‡””‡˜‡”›
…‘…‡”‡†
†ƒ„‘—–‡ƒ…Š‹•••—‡ȋ‹‰—”‡ͳ
ͳͶȌǤ
•‡”…‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡƒ”
‡–‹‰ƒ†…Ž‹
ƒ–‡‹••—‡•
‘””‡•’‘†‡––•Ǥ
™‡”‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•–…‘…‡”ˆ‘
†‡”•‹†‹…ƒ–‡††‡…Ž‹‹‰™ƒ––‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›
‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†
™ƒ•–Š‡‰””‡ƒ–‡•–”‡ƒ•‘
ˆ‘”Žƒ…‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
North Caro
olina Shellfish Industry
I
Figure 10. Methods of obtaining oyster seed
for NC oyster producers.
$0.0
Figure 13. Survey results of the individual
price of cultured oysters from NC leases.
$0.50
$0.45
$0.40
$0.35
$0.30
$0.25
$0.20
$0.15
$0.10
$0.05
$0.00
4
Min
Max
Average
North Carolina Sea Grant
Respondents (%)
Figure 14. Level of concern for major issues surrounding the NC shellfish
industry.
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Theft
Predation
Not concerned
Water
quality
Leasing User conflict Marketing
procedure
Somewhat concerned
Figure 15. Percent of survey respondents
indicating issues that limited industry growth.
Percent (%)
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
wa
ter
...
0.0
Percent (%)
Figure 16. Percent of survey respondents
indicating the future of the NC shellfish
industry.
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Growing
Declining
Stable
Discussion
‘ŽŽ—
—•…ƒ•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š
Š…—Ž–—”‡”‡’”‡•‡–•–™‘Ǧ
–Š‹”†•‘ˆƒƒŽŽƒ”‹‡ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡‹‘
‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ
ȋ“
“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤƒ”‹‘—•Ǧ••‹œ‡†
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘–Š‡ƒ•–ƒƒ†‡•–…‘ƒ••–•‘ˆ–Š‡
•ǡ‘›•–‡”•ƒ†
†—••‡Ž•Ǥ
‹–‡†–ƒƒ–‡•‰”‘™…Žƒ
Ž‘‰–Š‡ƒ•–‘ƒ•–ǡ•‹‰
‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‰”‘™
™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡
‹†—•–”›‹••‘……—””‹‰‹ ‹”‰‹‹ƒȋ—”””ƒ›ƒ†
—†•‘ǡʹͲͳͳȌǡƒ†‹•‡š’‡…–‡†–‘‹……”‡ƒ•‡
•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›‹ƒ”›Žƒ†Ǥ
North Caro
olina Shellfish Industry
I
5
Concerned
Hurricanes
Climate
Issues
Very concerned
Š‡‘”–Šƒƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹••Š‹†—•–”›
Š‹•–‘‘”‹…ƒŽŽ›Šƒ•„‡‡‡ƒ•ƒŽŽ„—–•–ƒ„Ž‡‹†—•–”›ǡ
…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•–Šƒƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘ƒ’
’’Ž›–‘–Š‡…—””‡–
—•–”›Ǥƒ•‡†‘
•—”˜‡›”‡•’‘
‘†‡–•ǡ–Š‡
‹†—
ƒŒ‘‘”‹–›‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•‡•™‡”‡ͳͲƒ…”‡•‘”Ž‡••‹•‹œœ‡ǡ
™‹–Š
Š’”‘†—…–‹‘ˆ””‘–Š‘•‡Ž‡ƒ••‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ƒ
ˆ”ƒ…––‹‘‘ˆƒŽ‡ƒ•‡Š
Š‘Ž†‡”ǯ•‹…‘
‡ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘””‹–›‘ˆ
‹…‘
‡ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ•‡Š‘
‘Ž†‡”•™ƒ•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘
•Š‘””‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ†……‘‡”…‹ƒŽˆ‹••Š‹‰Ǥ
‡•’‹–‡–Š‡””‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽŽ•‹œ‡‘ˆ‹†‹˜˜‹†—ƒŽ
‘’‡””ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ•‹‰‹‹ˆ‹…ƒ–—„‡‡”ǡͷ͹ΨǡŠƒ˜‡„
„‡‡
‹„—
—•‹‡••ˆ‘”‘
‘”‡–ŠƒͳͲ›‡‡ƒ”•ǡƒ‹†‹…ƒ–‘”‘ˆ
‹†—
—•–”›•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘
‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡
‡ˆ‹–‡†–Š‡•
ƒŽŽǦ
•‡…‘ †ƒ”›‹…‘‡‡Šƒ•Ž‹‡Ž›„‡
•…ƒŽ‡‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ—””–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒƒ›‘ˆ
–Š‡••Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š‰”‘™
™‡”•”‡•’‘†‹
‰–‘–Š‡•—”˜‡‡›
—–‹Ž‹œœ‡†Žƒ„‘”Ǧ•ƒ˜‹‹‰‡–Š‘†•ˆ‘
‘”…Žƒƒ†‘›•–‡”
’”‘†
†—…–‹‘Ǥ
‘”…Žƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ͹ͳΨ’Žƒ–‡†•‡‡†‘
–Š‡„
„‘––‘ˆ‘”‰”‘
‘™‘—–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘
‘Ž›ʹͷΨ—•‡†
†
—”••‡”›Ǧ”‡ƒ”‹‰
‡–Š‘†•–Šƒ–ƒƒ”‡‘”‡‹–‡
•‹˜‡Ǥ
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‘›••–‡”’”‘†—…–‹‘
‘™ƒ•†‘‹ƒ–‡†
„›‰””‘™‡”•™Š‘”‡‡Ž‹‡†‘™‹Ž†‘
‘›•–‡”Žƒ”˜ƒŽ
•‡––Ž‡‡‡–‘–Š‡‹‹”Ž‡ƒ•‡•ǡƒ•™
™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‘•‡™
™Š‘
”‡Žƒ››‡†•ƒŽŽ‘›•––‡”•ˆ”‘…Ž‘•‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•–‘–Š‡‹”
Ž‡ƒ•‡‡•Ǥ‘–Š‡–Š‘
‘†•”‡“—‹”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Ž‡•••
Žƒ„‘””–Šƒ”‡‘–‡‡Ǧ•‡––‹‰–‡…Š
‹“—‡•ǡ…‘†—……–‡†
„›‘
Ž›ͷΨ‘ˆ”‡•’
’‘†‡–•ǤŠ‡‡…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ
•ƒŽŽŽ‡”Ž‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†
†Žƒ„‘”Ǧ•ƒ˜‹‰‰‡–Š‘†•ˆ‘”
’”‘†
†—…–‹‘Šƒ••—
—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡
‹†—
—•–”›ƒ†Š‡Ž’‡‡†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹––•’ƒ”–Ǧ–‹‡ƒƒ–—”‡Ǥ
‹‹Žƒ”–‘‘–Š
Š‡”‹†—•–”‹‡••”‡Ž‹ƒ–‘–Š‡‡
‡˜‹””‘‡–ǡ…‘……‡”•‡š‹•–ˆ‘””–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆˆ–Š‡
•Š‡ŽŽŽˆ‹•Š…—Ž–—”‡‹
†—•–”›‹‘””–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǤ
Š‡•‡
…‘……‡”•‹…Ž—†‡––Š‡ˆ–‘Ž‡ƒ•‡••ǡŠ—””‹…ƒ‡
‹’ƒƒ…–•ƒ††‡–‡””‹‘”ƒ–‹‰™ƒ–‡‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠ‡ˆ–‘
Ž‡ƒ•‡‡•…ƒ„‡ƒ††””‡••‡†‘Ž›–Š
Š”‘—‰ŠŽƒ™
North Carolina Sea Grant
‡ˆ‘”…‡‡–Ǥ‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡š‹•–„ƒ””‹‰–Š‡
‡…‘‘‹…•™‹ŽŽ†‹…–ƒ–‡–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘”†‡…Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Šˆ”‘Ž‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
‹†—•–”›ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”…‘…‡”•†‡•…”‹„‡†„›…—””‡–
‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ‡†ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡
Ž‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”•™‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”
œ‘‡•ƒ†ƒ›Ž‡ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡‘–™‹–Š‹˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡
†‹”‡…–‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘ƒ••‹•–‹‹†—•–”›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
Ž‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”ǯ•™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘–’”‘’‡”–›ǡŠ‡…‡
’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ††”‡••‹‰‹••—‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ–ǡƒ†
•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ–‹‡•Ǥ
†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‰™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›Ȅ’‡”Šƒ’•„›
‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–‡–Š‘†•–‘’”‡˜‡–’‘ƒ…Š‹‰™‹ŽŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‡–Š‘†•–‘„‡––‡”Ž‘…ƒ–‡‡™ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•
„‡‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†—•–”›–‘‡š’ƒ†Ǥ
Ȅ™‹ŽŽ—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ••‹•–‹–‡”‡•–‡†ǡ„—–…‘…‡”‡†ǡ
‰”‘™‡”•Ǥ
’ƒ…–•ˆ”‘Š—””‹…ƒ‡•…ƒ„‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ǡ
’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ‘ˆˆǦ„‘––‘…—Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†
Conclusion
‘•Š‘”‡Šƒ–…Š‡”‹‡•‘”—”•‡”‹‡•Ǥˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ
…”‡ƒ•‹‰†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”•ƒˆ‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
ˆ‡™‘’–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‘…‡–Š‡
•‡ƒˆ‘‘†ǡƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡’”‹…‡•ˆ‘”…—Ž–—”‡†•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š
Ž‡ƒ•‡Šƒ•„‡‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ‡Ž‡…–‹‰•Š‡Ž–‡”‡†
’”‘†—…–•’”‘˜‹†‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š
Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–›•‹–‡•”‡’”‡•‡–•
ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǤ
–Š‡„‡•–‘’–‹‘–‘‹‹‹œ‡Š—””‹…ƒ‡”‹••Ǥ
††”‡••‹‰‹••—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ–ƒ††‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‰™ƒ–‡”
‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‰™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›…ƒ‹’ƒ…–
“—ƒŽ‹–›™‹ŽŽƒ••‹•–‰”‘™–Šǡƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡
‡š‹•–‹‰ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ‡’‘”ƒ”›
‡…‘‘‹…•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ
…Ž‘•—”‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‘•‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹•ǡ…ƒ
—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡š‹•–•ˆ‘”…—””‡–
Šƒ’‡”–Š‡–‹‹‰ˆ‘”Šƒ”˜‡•–Ǥ‘‰Ǧ–‡”
Ž‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”•–‘‡š’ƒ†ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‹••—”˜‡›
’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ˆ”‘‡ƒ”„›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡ…ƒ
‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡˜ƒ•–ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”•
’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›…Ž‘•‡ƒŽŽ‘”’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒŽ‡ƒ•‡Ǥ‘•‘‡
—–‹Ž‹œ‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡‡–Š‘†•ˆ‘”•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š’”‘†—…–‹‘
†‡‰”‡‡ǡƒ•™‹–ŠŠ—””‹…ƒ‡•ǡ™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›‹•‘—–‘ˆ
™‹–Š”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™›‹‡Ž†•Ǥ‘†‡•–‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‘
–Š‡…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆŽ‡ƒ•‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǤŠ‡„‡•–™ƒ›–‘
‡š‹•–‹‰Ž‡ƒ•‡•™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–
ƒ††”‡••’‘‘”™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›‹•–‘•‹–‡ƒ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘
‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š’”‘†—…–‹‘–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ
ˆƒ”ˆ”‘ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Š…Ž‘•‡†™ƒ–‡”•‡ƒ”„›Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”
™‹–Š‘—–ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡
–‘–Š‡”‹••™‹–ŠŠ—””‹…ƒ‡•ǡ’”‘’‡”•‹–‹‰…ƒ
‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‹‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǯ••Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š‹†—•–”›
‹‹‹œ‡™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›’”‘„Ž‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡Ž‘‰
™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›„‡‰‹™‹–Š‡™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹™Š‹…Š
–‡”Ǥ
‹…‘‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡„—•‹‡••‹•ƒ’”‹ƒ”›
Š‡…‘…‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†—•–”›ƒ”‡’‡”Šƒ’•
•‘—”…‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ•—’’Ž‡‡–ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ••‹•–ƒ…‡
‘‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹˜‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ‘’‹‹‘‘–Š‡
™‹–Š•‹–‹‰‡™•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•ŠŽ‡ƒ•‡•…‘—Ž†”‡†—…‡”‹••
ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š…—Ž–—”‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ‘”–›Ǧ–™‘
ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ–ƒ†’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹…™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†
’‡”…‡–‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•ˆ‡Ž––Š‡‹†—•–”›™‘—Ž†
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ‘‰‰”‘™–Š
‰”‘™™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡š–ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ͵ͺ؈‡Ž––Šƒ–‹–
‘’–‹‘•‹–Š‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ
™‘—Ž††‡…Ž‹‡ǡƒ†ʹͲΨ–Š‘—‰Š––Š‡‹†—•–”›
™‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ
References
‘•‹–‹˜‡•‹‰•ˆ‘”–Š‡•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Š…—Ž–—”‡
U.S. Census of Agriculture (USDA) 2007: Summary and State
‹†—•–”›‹…Ž—†‡‰”‘™‹‰†‡ƒ†ƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡
Data.ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡–ƒ–‹•–‹…•
’”‹…‹‰ǤŠ‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡’”‹…‹‰ˆ‘”Šƒ”†…Žƒ•ȋƒŽŽ
‡”˜‹…‡ǡʹͲͲͻǤ
‰”‘—’•Ȍƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†ͳʹǤͷ…‡–•’‡”…Žƒǡ™Š‹Ž‡”‡–ƒ‹Ž
—””ƒ›ǡǤǤǡƒ†—†•‘ǡǤʹͲͳͳǤVirginia Shellfish
Aquaculture Situation and Outlook ReportǤ‹”‰‹‹ƒ‡ƒ
”ƒ–
’”‹…‹‰ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†ͳ͹Ǥ͹…‡–•’‡”…ŽƒȋƒŽŽ‰”ƒ†‡•ȌǤ
ƒ”‹‡š–‡•‹‘”‘‰”ƒǤ‹”‰‹‹ƒ‡ƒ
”ƒ–—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘͓
›•–‡”•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†̈́͵ʹ’‡”„—•Š‡Žǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
ǦͳͳǦͲ͸Ǥ
‘›•–‡”•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†͵ͷ…‡–•’‡”‘›•–‡”Ǥ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‡ƒ‹…ƒ†–‘•’Š‡”‹…†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǤʹͲͲͻǤ
Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘–‡†Ž‹‡Ž›…‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘
Fisheries of the United States 2008Ǥ‹•Š‡”‹‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹…•‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‹‡‹•Š‡”‹‡•‡”˜‹…‡ǡǡ‹Ž˜‡”’”‹‰ǡ†
•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡•’‘†‡–•‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‹†—•–”›
™‘—Ž††‡…Ž‹‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡’”‹…‡ƒ†‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘
‘–ƒ…–ǣ
ƒ”…—”ƒ‘
‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ‡ƒ
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ƒ”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†Ž—‡”ƒ„’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–
ƒ”…̴–—”ƒ‘̷…•—Ǥ‡†—
ͻͳͻȀͷͳ͵ǦͲͳʹʹ
ƒŽ‡‹‰Šǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ
North Carolina Shellfish Industry
6
North Carolina Sea Grant
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