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The Sad Story of the Northern Cod Fishery 1000 LANDINGS, Tonnes (Thousands) Sampling period 800 600 400 200 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 YEAR 1980 1985 1990 Who caught the Cod? - NE Newfoundland 500 Commercial Catch, 1000 T Offshore Inshore Foreign 400 300 200 100 0 72 74 76 78 80 82 YEAR 84 86 88 90 92 Cod Biomass of dominant (commercial) groups decreased CPUE, kg/tow 250 200 150 FLOUNDERS CODS 100 50 0 78 80 82 84 86 YEAR 88 90 Less abundant (non-commercial) groups also declined 25 CPUE, kg/tow 20 RAYS & SHARKS EELPOUTS WOLFFISH 15 10 5 0 78 80 82 84 86 YEAR 88 90 People are a part of the equation too 600 1000s of people 30 500 28 400 26 300 24 200 22 100 20 200-mi EEZ 0 1966 Moratorium 18 1971 1976 1981 Year 1986 1991 1996 Nfld & Lab N Peninsula Fisheries - northern Gulf of St. Lawrence 250 1000s of tons 50 200 40 150 30 Cod (Cdn) All nations 100 20 50 10 0 60 65 70 75 80 Year 85 90 95 0 2000 Shrimp Size and CPUE for cod (Gadus morhua) 100 CATCH SIZE 80 60 1500 40 1000 20 500 0 78 80 82 84 86 Year 88 90 92 Number/tow Gm/individual 2000 Cod landings vs snow crab CPUE 300 1000 t 250 ! (lbs/trap/day) ! ! ! 40 ! 30 ! 200 ! 150 20 100 10 50 ! 0 85 86 87 88 89 Year 90 91 92 ! 93 0 ! landings CPUE Average cod size vs crab CPUE Band shows size when cod begin feeding on crab 2,000 grams (lbs/trap/day) ! 1,500 ! 40 ! ! ! 30 ! 1,000 20 ! ! ! 500 0 10 0 85 86 87 88 89 Year 90 91 92 93 ! size CPUE Spotted wolffish 1100 10 CATCH SIZE 8 900 6 800 4 700 2 600 0 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 YEAR Number/tow Gm/individual 1000 3.5 3 12000 2.5 10000 2 1.5 9000 8000 1 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE 93 91 6000 89 0 87 7000 85 0.5 MEAN SIZE 11000 79 NUMBER/TOW 1981 83 = 31 81 Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1982 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1983 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1984 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1985 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1986 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1987 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1988 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1989 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1990 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1991 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1992 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR = 31 NUMBER/TOW 1993 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 MEAN SIZE Max no./tow = Anarhichas dent. (5301) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 k = 0.61 Z7 7000 6000 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 RANK ANOMALY YEAR Fall Survey CPUE SIZE, gm COLDNESS INDEX 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 WARM COLD 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 YEAR This wolffish was added to Canada’s endangered species list in May 2001. SARA – the Species at Risk Act 6. The purposes of this Act are to prevent wildlife species from being extirpated or becoming extinct, to provide for the recovery of wildlife species that are extirpated, endangered or threatened as a result of human activity and to manage species of special concern to prevent them from becoming endangered or threatened. Atla ntic Ma ri ne Fishe s - Ca ndida te Spe cie s for COSEW IC Asse ssm e nt - Fa l l 2001 Spe cie s tha t we ha ve a sse sse d Northern Wolffish Spotted Wolffish Atlantic Wolffish Anarhichas denticulatus Anarhichas minor Anarhichas lupus TH 01 TH 01 SC 00 A-list The marine species on this list require updates Comm on English nam e Atlantic Cod Fourhorn sculpin (FW) Atlantic salmon (Bay of Fundy) Scie ntific na me Gadus morhua Myoxocephalus quadricornis Salmo salar Sta tus SC 97 SC 89 EN 01 B-list (groups 1, 2, 3) The marine fish species in Group 1 may meet COSEWIC criteria for Endangered at least somewhere in their Canadian range. Comm on English nam e Blue hake Deep-sea catshark Cusk Black dogfish Roundnose grenadier Pallid sculpin Barndoor skate Greenland cod Witch flounder Arctic staghorn sculpin American plaice Atlantic halibut Daubed shanny Esmark's eelpout Pale eelpout Arctic eelpout Roughhead grenadier Scie ntific na me Antimora rostrata Apristurus profundorum Brosme b rosme Centroscyllium fab ricii Coryphaenoides rupestris Cottunculus thompsoni Dipturus laevis Gadus ogac Glyptocephalus cynoglossus Gymnacanthus tricuspis Hippoglossoides platessoides Hippoglossus hippoglossus Lumpenus maculatus Lycodes esmark i Lycodes pallidus Lycodes reticulatus Macrourus b erglax Group 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 The ECNASAP database ) scientific survey trawl data ) species, numbers and weights ) Cape Hatteras to Cape Chidley ) 1971 to 1994; 55041 records Cusk, Brosme brosme Std Error of the mean .3 .2 .1 0 70 75 80 Year 85 90 Population size decline from 1980 to 1994 : 95 -88% (decline) Sounds real bad . . . !! 32. (1) No person shall kill, harm, harass, capture or take an individual of a wildlife species that is listed as . . . an endangered species or a threatened species. But . . . => Exceptions 83. (4) Subsection 32 . . . does not apply to a person who is engaging in activities that are permitted by a recovery strategy, an action plan or a management plan . . . Who makes the recovery plan ? 37. (1) . . . the competent minister must prepare a strategy for . . . recovery. What about the ideas of others? 39. (1) . . . the recovery strategy must be prepared in cooperation with the appropriate provincial minister [&] . . . any other person or organization that the . . . minister considers appropriate. Furthermore . . . Stewardship 11. (2) [A conservation] agreement . . . may include measures with respect to (a) monitoring the status of the species; (b) developing and implementing education and public awareness programs; (c) developing and implementing recovery strategies, action plans and management plans; (d) protecting the species’ habitat, including its critical habitat; or (e) undertaking research projects in support of recovery efforts. Ecosystem Health ~ use SARA categories ? • Endangered = >50% • Threatened = >30% • Special Concern • Data Deficient • Not At Risk Number of Species Of 266 Atlantic marine fishes, how many potential species at risk? 160 140 120 100 80 NW Atlantic 60 40 20 0 EN TH SC DD COSEWIC Status NAR Number of Species What about the Northern Gulf ? 160 140 120 100 80 NW Atlantic N Gulf 60 40 20 0 EN TH SC DD COSEWIC Status NAR How groundfish landings have changed Metric tons x 1000 1200 1000 800 Labrador Grand Banks NS/St. Lawrence New England 600 400 200 0 1955 1965 1975 Year 1985 1995 Socioeconomic and political environment Fisheries evolve as Fishery 1 Community 1 Fishery 2 Community 2 Fishery 3 Community 3 the fish community is changed Biological and physical environment Indicator species: size decreases as stress increases 2 Mean size, kg 1.5 Cod Thorny Skate 1 Wolffish Gr Halibut 0.5 0 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Year 90 91 92 93 94 Reinhardtius are now so small that the fishery is in jeopardy! 140 CPUE 120 Size 3.0 2.5 100 2.0 80 1.5 60 50% maturity 40 1.0 20 0.5 0 0.0 78 80 82 84 86 88 Year Deep Assemblage 90 92 94 96 Mean Size, kg Number/tow 3.5 Sea surface temperature variation in the cold-water North Atlantic 10 Norwegian Sea Temperature 9 ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! 8 ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7 ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Grand Banks 5 ! ! 4 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 ! !!!! Year Bottom temperatures in fall survey cruises in a warm and a cold year Warm 1981 Cold 1991 Degrees Celsius -2.0 to -1.1 -1.0 to-0.1 0.0 to 0.9 1.0 to 1.9 2.0 to 2.9 3.0 to 3.9 above 3.9 What about predation by trawlers? (Effort by small and large vessels - 2J3KL) 6 HOURS OF TRAWLING, 1000's Small Huge 5 4 3 2 1 0 79 80 81 82 83 84 YEAR 85 86 87 88 89 Middle distance vessels blossomed 80 HOURS OF TRAWLING, 1000's Small Middle distance Huge 60 40 20 0 79 80 81 82 83 84 YEAR 85 86 87 88 89