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The Sad Story of the Northern Cod Fishery
1000
LANDINGS, Tonnes (Thousands)
Sampling period
800
600
400
200
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
YEAR
1980
1985
1990
Who caught the Cod? - NE Newfoundland
500
Commercial Catch, 1000 T
Offshore
Inshore
Foreign
400
300
200
100
0
72
74
76
78
80
82
YEAR
84
86
88
90
92
Cod
Biomass of dominant
(commercial) groups decreased
CPUE, kg/tow
250
200
150
FLOUNDERS
CODS
100
50
0
78
80
82
84
86
YEAR
88
90
Less abundant (non-commercial)
groups also declined
25
CPUE, kg/tow
20
RAYS & SHARKS
EELPOUTS
WOLFFISH
15
10
5
0
78
80
82
84
86
YEAR
88
90
People are a part of the equation too
600
1000s of people
30
500
28
400
26
300
24
200
22
100
20
200-mi EEZ
0
1966
Moratorium
18
1971
1976
1981
Year
1986
1991
1996
Nfld & Lab
N Peninsula
Fisheries - northern Gulf of St. Lawrence
250
1000s of tons
50
200
40
150
30
Cod (Cdn)
All nations
100
20
50
10
0
60
65
70
75
80
Year
85
90
95
0
2000
Shrimp
Size and CPUE for cod (Gadus morhua)
100
CATCH
SIZE
80
60
1500
40
1000
20
500
0
78
80
82
84
86
Year
88
90
92
Number/tow
Gm/individual
2000
Cod landings vs snow crab CPUE
300
1000 t
250
!
(lbs/trap/day)
!
!
!
40
!
30
!
200
!
150
20
100
10
50
!
0
85
86
87
88
89
Year
90
91
92
!
93
0
! landings
CPUE
Average cod size vs crab CPUE
Band shows size when cod begin feeding on crab
2,000
grams
(lbs/trap/day)
!
1,500
!
40
!
!
!
30
!
1,000
20
!
!
!
500
0
10
0
85
86
87
88
89
Year
90
91
92
93
! size
CPUE
Spotted wolffish
1100
10
CATCH
SIZE
8
900
6
800
4
700
2
600
0
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
YEAR
Number/tow
Gm/individual
1000
3.5
3
12000
2.5
10000
2
1.5
9000
8000
1
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
93
91
6000
89
0
87
7000
85
0.5
MEAN SIZE
11000
79
NUMBER/TOW
1981
83
= 31
81
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1982
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1983
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1984
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1985
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1986
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1987
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1988
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1989
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1990
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1991
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1992
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
= 31
NUMBER/TOW
1993
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
MEAN SIZE
Max no./tow =
Anarhichas dent. (5301)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
k = 0.61
Z7
7000
6000
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
RANK ANOMALY
YEAR
Fall Survey
CPUE
SIZE, gm
COLDNESS INDEX
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
WARM
COLD
79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93
YEAR
This wolffish was added to Canada’s
endangered species list in May 2001.
SARA – the Species at Risk Act
6. The purposes of this Act are to prevent wildlife species
from being extirpated or becoming extinct, to provide for the
recovery of wildlife species that are extirpated, endangered
or threatened as a result of human activity and to manage
species of special concern to prevent them from becoming
endangered or threatened.
Atla ntic Ma ri ne Fishe s - Ca ndida te Spe cie s for COSEW IC Asse ssm e nt - Fa l l 2001
Spe cie s tha t we ha ve a sse sse d
Northern Wolffish
Spotted Wolffish
Atlantic Wolffish
Anarhichas denticulatus
Anarhichas minor
Anarhichas lupus
TH 01
TH 01
SC 00
A-list
The marine species on this list require updates
Comm on English nam e
Atlantic Cod
Fourhorn sculpin (FW)
Atlantic salmon (Bay of Fundy)
Scie ntific na me
Gadus morhua
Myoxocephalus quadricornis
Salmo salar
Sta tus
SC 97
SC 89
EN 01
B-list (groups 1, 2, 3)
The marine fish species in Group 1 may meet COSEWIC criteria for
Endangered at least somewhere in their Canadian range.
Comm on English nam e
Blue hake
Deep-sea catshark
Cusk
Black dogfish
Roundnose grenadier
Pallid sculpin
Barndoor skate
Greenland cod
Witch flounder
Arctic staghorn sculpin
American plaice
Atlantic halibut
Daubed shanny
Esmark's eelpout
Pale eelpout
Arctic eelpout
Roughhead grenadier
Scie ntific na me
Antimora rostrata
Apristurus profundorum
Brosme b rosme
Centroscyllium fab ricii
Coryphaenoides rupestris
Cottunculus thompsoni
Dipturus laevis
Gadus ogac
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus
Gymnacanthus tricuspis
Hippoglossoides platessoides
Hippoglossus hippoglossus
Lumpenus maculatus
Lycodes esmark i
Lycodes pallidus
Lycodes reticulatus
Macrourus b erglax
Group
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
The ECNASAP database
) scientific survey trawl data
) species, numbers and weights
) Cape Hatteras to Cape Chidley
) 1971 to 1994; 55041 records
Cusk, Brosme brosme
Std Error of the mean
.3
.2
.1
0
70
75
80
Year
85
90
Population size decline from 1980 to 1994 :
95
-88% (decline)
Sounds real bad . . . !!
32. (1) No person shall kill, harm, harass, capture or take an
individual of a wildlife species that is listed as . . . an
endangered species or a threatened species.
But . . . =>
Exceptions
83. (4) Subsection 32 . . . does not apply to a person who is
engaging in activities that are permitted by a recovery
strategy, an action plan or a management plan . . .
Who makes the recovery plan ?
37. (1) . . . the competent minister must prepare a strategy
for . . . recovery.
What about the ideas of others?
39. (1) . . . the recovery strategy must be prepared in
cooperation with the appropriate provincial minister [&] . . .
any other person or organization that the . . . minister
considers appropriate.
Furthermore . . .
Stewardship
11. (2) [A conservation] agreement . . . may include measures
with respect to
(a) monitoring the status of the species;
(b) developing and implementing education and public
awareness programs;
(c) developing and implementing recovery strategies, action plans
and management plans;
(d) protecting the species’ habitat, including its critical habitat; or
(e) undertaking research projects in support of recovery efforts.
Ecosystem Health ~
use SARA categories ?
• Endangered = >50%
• Threatened = >30%
• Special Concern
• Data Deficient
• Not At Risk
Number of Species
Of 266 Atlantic marine fishes,
how many potential species at risk?
160
140
120
100
80
NW Atlantic
60
40
20
0
EN
TH
SC
DD
COSEWIC Status
NAR
Number of Species
What about the Northern Gulf ?
160
140
120
100
80
NW Atlantic
N Gulf
60
40
20
0
EN
TH
SC
DD
COSEWIC Status
NAR
How groundfish landings have changed
Metric tons x 1000
1200
1000
800
Labrador
Grand Banks
NS/St. Lawrence
New England
600
400
200
0
1955
1965
1975
Year
1985
1995
Socioeconomic and political environment
Fisheries evolve as
Fishery 1
Community
1
Fishery 2
Community
2
Fishery 3
Community
3
the fish community
is changed
Biological and physical environment
Indicator species: size decreases as stress increases
2
Mean size, kg
1.5
Cod
Thorny Skate
1
Wolffish
Gr Halibut
0.5
0
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
Year
90
91
92
93
94
Reinhardtius are now so small
that the fishery is in jeopardy!
140
CPUE
120
Size
3.0
2.5
100
2.0
80
1.5
60
50% maturity
40
1.0
20
0.5
0
0.0
78
80
82
84
86
88
Year
Deep Assemblage
90
92
94
96
Mean Size, kg
Number/tow
3.5
Sea surface temperature variation in
the cold-water North Atlantic
10
Norwegian Sea
Temperature
9
!
!!
!!
!
!
!!
!
!
!! !
!!
!
!
!
!! !!!!! !
!
!
! !
8
!
!!
! !
!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
7
!
!!
!!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! !
!
6 !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! Grand Banks
5
!
!
4
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
!
!!!!
Year
Bottom temperatures in fall
survey cruises in a warm and a
cold year
Warm
1981
Cold
1991
Degrees Celsius
-2.0 to -1.1
-1.0 to-0.1
0.0 to 0.9
1.0 to 1.9
2.0 to 2.9
3.0 to 3.9
above 3.9
What about predation by trawlers?
(Effort by small and large vessels - 2J3KL)
6
HOURS OF TRAWLING, 1000's
Small
Huge
5
4
3
2
1
0
79
80
81
82
83
84
YEAR
85
86
87
88
89
Middle distance vessels blossomed
80
HOURS OF TRAWLING, 1000's
Small
Middle distance
Huge
60
40
20
0
79
80
81
82
83
84
YEAR
85
86
87
88
89