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Marine Mammal Issues in the GOA: IERP considerations Kate M. Wynne UAF School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program Kodiak, Alaska Diverse Taxa • Pinnipeds • Sea Otters • Whales Baleen Toothed Diverse Habitats Photo by Kathy Hough Diverse Foraging Strategies K-selected Homeotherms High Latitude Marine Air-breathers HIGH energetic demands Diverse Life Histories and Strategies Seasonal Migration and Fasting 65 Alaska Russia 55 British Columbia 45 USA 35 Okinawa Ogasawara Mexic Philippines 25 Hawaii 15 Central America 5 -240 -220 -200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 North Pacific Humpback Whales – SPLASH 2004 Maternal Investment Insulation variable energy storage capacity Bottomline #1 a. They are all here for the FOOD b. TIMING of prey availability is CRITICAL and VARIABLE Bottomline #2 a. They are significant consumers throughout the GOA b. Effects of change Bottomline #3 Diverse Habitats Diverse Life Histories Diverse Prey and Foraging Diverse Issues and Questions Some Recovering and/or Increasing Effects of change ? Others Not Recovering and/or In Decline Many Unknown Differential Population Trajectories Within species across GOA Between sympatric species Changes in Reproductive Patterns Timing of harbor seal pupping Prolonged dependency of SSL pups ? Changes in Distribution Reflection of population status ? Change in prey abundance ? Temporal and spatial distribution ? Oceanographic anomolies ? Year-round grays feeding in Kodiak Is this an indicator of change • Gray whale population? • Climate? • Arctic productivity? Kodiak Gray Whale Distribution 1999-2003 Why ? Diverse Habitats Diverse Life Histories Diverse Prey and Foraging Different processes at play ? Mary Crivello photo Top Down Predation Disease or Parasites Anthropogenic • Harvest, predator control, whaling • Bycatch • Contaminants : long-lived lipophiles Direct effects on population structure Residual effects on trophic structure Bottom Up Anything that affects prey * availability at critical times • Oceanographic / climate features and change ? • Inter- or intraspecific competition ? ( * Zooplankton, bivalves, cephalopods, fish…….)
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