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Chapter 4
Ecosystems & Communities
Symbiosis
Symbiosis
• "living together“ Any relationship between
two species of animals is symbiosis and
includes both positive and negative
interactions.
Symbiosis
• "living together“ Any relationship between
two species of animals is symbiosis and
includes both positive and negative
interactions.
• The different forms of symbiosis each have
their own names.
Symbiosis
• Mutualism:
Symbiosis
• Mutualism: Both species benefit by the
interaction between the two species. +,+
Symbiosis
• Mutualism: Both
species benefit by
the interaction
between the two
species. +,+
• Mutualism ex.
• Clown fish and
• Sea anemone
Symbiosis
• Mutualism:
oxpecker birds eat
parasites from outside of
large herbivores (cattle,
antelope, rhinoceros)
although they keep the
ticks, etc. off,
Symbiosis
• Mutualism:
Symbiosis
• Mutualism:
Symbiosis
• Mutualism:
Lichen:
Fungi get sugars from photosynthesis
from algae
algae get minerals and some drying out
protection and dispersal from fungi
Symbiosis
• Mutualism:
• Cleaner fish clean parasites from fish at
"cleaning stations"
Symbiosis
• Mutualism
more cleaner fish
Symbiosis
• Mutualism
• Bacteria in the gut of
a termite and human
Symbiosis
• Mutualism
• Coral bleaching caused by
disappearance of algae caused by temp
change.
Symbiosis
• Commensalism:
Symbiosis
• Commensalism: one organism benefits
and the other is neither harmed or
benefited (+,0)
Symbiosis
• Commensalism: one organism benefits
and the other is neither harmed or
benefited
• shrimp
Symbiosis
• Commensalism:
• Cattle egrets follow large herds of
herbivores and eat insects that were
kicked up
Symbiosis
• Commensalism:
• Examples: Remora fish attaches to the sides
of larger fish using them as transport and
obtains food fragments dropped from the
host.
Symbiosis
• Parasitism:
Symbiosis
• Parasitism: one organism benefits and the
other is harmed. (+, -)
Symbiosis
• Parasitism: one organism benefits and the
other is harmed. (+, -)
• Host & parasite
• Live in or on host
• Brood parasites
Symbiosis
Guinea worm
Symbiosis
• Parasitism:
• Tick & lamprey
Symbiosis
• Parasitism: brood
parasitism,
cowbirds
Ecological Succession
• Series of changes that occurs in a
community over time
Primary Succession
• Occurs where no soil exists
– For ex. On volcanic rock
Primary Succession
Primary Succession
• Pioneer species
– First species to populate
the area.
• Lichens can grow on bare
rock and break it up.
• mosses
• Small plants
Primary Succession
• can also occur on man-made
structures
Secondary Succession
• A disturbance of some kind changes an existing
community.
– Farming
– wildfires
http://www.morning-earth.org/GraphicE/Transf_Success.html
Succession
• Lake succession
A summary of changes that
occur during succession
• Pioneer species colonize a bare or disturbed site. Soil building.
• Changes in the physical environment occur (e.g., light, moisture).
• New species of plants displace existing plants because their
seedlings are better able to become established in the changed
environment.
• Newly arriving species alter the physical conditions, often in ways
that enable other species to become established.
• Animals come in with or after the plants they need to survive.
• Eventually a climax community that is more or less stable will
become established and have the ability to reproduce itself.
• Disturbances will start the process of succession again.