Download Mechanical methods

6) Management
c) Control
ii) Mechanical methods
= manually or mechanically damaging plants
Removing beachgrass
(Ammophila arinaria) from
Lanphere Dunes CA
Uprooting tamarisk
(Tamarix spp) in Arizona
6) Management
c) Control
ii) Mechanical methods
Advantages
• Generally much less public opposition: people will even
volunteer!
Phragmites australis control
in Kampoosa Bog Mass.
Volunteers cut reed stems
and injected stems with
herbicide to kill
underground rhizomes
Annual monitoring and
treatment continues (started
in 2000)
6) Management
c) Control
ii) Mechanical methods
Advantages
• Generally much less public opposition
• Works well on small populations: Lanphere dunes example – 10
acres infested.
Removing beachgrass
(Ammophila arinaria) from
Lanphere Dunes CA
6) Management
c) Control
ii) Mechanical methods
Advantages
• Generally much less public opposition
• Works well on small populations
• Can be extremely specific: minimize damage to other plants or
environment
Centauria diffusa control in
Oregon: weeding out
individual knapweed plants
while not disturbing
surrounding vegetation
6) Management
c) Control
ii) Mechanical methods
Advantages
• Generally much less public opposition
• Works well on small populations
• Can be extremely specific: minimize damage to other plants or
environment
• But not always specific…
Brush hog control for
Tamarix
6) Management
c) Control
ii) Mechanical methods
Advantages
• Generally much less public opposition
• Works well on small populations
• Can be extremely specific
Disadvantages
• Labor & time intensive: beach grass removal at Lanphere Dunes
took 2,951 person-hours per acre over 3 years (at $7.00 per hour,
that’s $20,657 per acre). VOLUNTEERS ARE ESSENTIAL!
6) Management
c) Control
ii) Mechanical methods
Advantages
• Generally much less public opposition
• Works well on small populations
• Can be extremely specific
Disadvantages
• Labor & time intensive
• Often requires follow-up treatments: Lanphre dunes took 3
years of repeated treatments.
6) Management
c) Control
ii) Mechanical methods
Advantages
• Generally much less public opposition
• Works well on small populations
• Can be extremely specific
Disadvantages
• Labor & time intensive
• Often requires follow-up treatments
• Inadvertent damage
6) Management
c) Control
ii) Mechanical methods
(1) Weeding
• Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants
Not effective: perennials with rhizomes
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants
Not effective: perennials with rhizomes
Advantages: (1) specificity
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants
Not effective: perennials with rhizomes
Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants
Not effective: perennials with rhizomes
Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for
equipment
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants
Not effective: perennials with rhizomes
Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for
equipment
Root talon
Weed wrench
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants
Not effective: perennials with rhizomes
Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for
equipment
Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants
Not effective: perennials with rhizomes
Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for
equipment
Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive; (2) small areas
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on a greater number of species
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on a greater number of species
Not effective: plants that re-sprout or regenerate from
fragments
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on a greater number of species
Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments
Advantages: (1) primary treatment
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on a greater number of species
Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on a greater number of species
Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3)
less labor
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on a greater number of species
Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor
Disadvantages: (1) follow-up treatments
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on a greater number of species
Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor
Disadvantages: (1) follow-up treatments; (2) more equipment
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials
Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials
Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments
Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds
produced & when soil is dry
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials
Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments
Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds
produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials
Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments
Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds
produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas
Disadvantages: (1) soil disturbance
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials
Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments
Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds
produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas
Disadvantages: (1) soil disturbance; (2) more equipment
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that re-sprout
Sheep grazing on leafy spurge
(Euphorbia esula) in a Colorado
State University control trial
Can even be a lucrative business opportunity…
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3)
less labor
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor & less equipment
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds
into soil
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into
soil
Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into
soil
Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into
soil
Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments
Considerations: (1) type of animal
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into
soil
Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments
Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of
grazing
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into
soil
Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments
Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing;
(3) controlling movement
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into
soil
Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments
Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing;
(3) controlling movement; (4) controlling seed dispersal
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Similar to mowing/cutting
Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production
Repeated: effective on some perennial species
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less
labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into
soil
Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments
Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing;
(3) controlling movement; (4) controlling seed dispersal; (5)
predation
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
• Example: Patterson’s Curse (Echium plantangineum) in
Australia – grazing worked almost as well as herbicide to
control
• ‘Crash grazing’ – short duration, high stocking rate
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
• Example: Medusahead (Taenatherium caput-medusae) in
California (UC coop. extension)
• ‘Intensive grazing’ – short duration, high stocking rate
“Excellent control was obtained with
very high-density and short-duration
grazing, but these levels are difficult
for many ranchers to duplicate.
Additional funding expands the
research …and will examine the
effect of lower animal densities and
longer grazing periods on
medusahead control”
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs &
woody
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody
Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel
disturbance
Scotch broom prescribed burn
(photo USFS)
Desert grassland prescribed burn; prevent woody
Plant encroachment (photo USFS)
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody
Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel
disturbance
Advantages: (1) win-win scenario
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody
Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel
disturbance
Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody
Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel
disturbance
Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas
Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody
Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel
disturbance
Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas
Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody
Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel
disturbance
Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas
Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3)
potential adverse soil effects
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody
Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel
disturbance
Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas
Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3)
potential adverse soil effects; (4) public opposition
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody
Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel
disturbance
Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas
Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3)
potential adverse soil effects
Considerations: (1) timing of burn
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody
Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel
disturbance
Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas
Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3)
potential adverse soil effects
Considerations: (1) timing of burn; (2) controlling seed dispersal
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Effective: single-trunk plants such as pines, some oaks &
maples
Not effective: plants that resprout
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Effective: single-trunk plants such as pines, some oaks & maples
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) less labor than cutting; (2) highly specific; (3)
snags for wildlife; (4) returns nutrients to soil; (5) reduced
erosion potential
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
•
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Effective: single-trunk plants such as pines, some oaks & maples
Not effective: plants that resprout
Advantages: (1) less labor than cutting; (2) highly specific; (3) snags
for wildlife; (4) returns nutrients to soil; (5) reduced erosion potential
Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive; (2) small areas
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Mulching
Effective: small herbaceous invasives without storage tissues
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Mulching
Effective: small herbaceous invasives without storage tissues
Advantages: (1) by-product use
Disadvantages: (1) non-specific; (2) small areas
Oxalis pes-caprae infestations
can be controlled by mulching or
solarization
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Mulching
Soil solarization
Effective: small herbaceous invasives or after land clearing
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Mulching
Soil solarization
Effective: small herbaceous invasives or after land clearing
Advantages: (1) complete kill; (2) retains nutrients
Disadvantages: (1) non-specific
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Mulching
Soil solarization
Flooding
Effective: limited number of invasives
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
•
•
•
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Mulching
Soil solarization
Flooding
Effective: limited number of invasives
Advantages: (1) complete kill
Disadvantages: (1) non-specific
6) Management
c) Control
ii)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Mechanical methods
Weeding
Mowing & brush cutting
Tilling
Grazing
Prescribed burn
Girdling
Mulching
Soil solarization
Flooding