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What happens when 2 niches overlap? how species interact Environmental Science 302 Problem: 2 niches overlap WHAT IS YOUR SOLUTION? 1. Migrate 2. Change feeding habits 3. Adapt behavior 4. Suffer a sharp population decline 5. Become extinct in that area What type of species overcome this more easily? Generalists or Specialists? Phrased another way: I want something that you want… • Will we compete? • Will I eat you? • Will we work together some how? • In nature, there are 3 basic types of interactions… Competition Predation Symbiosis Interaction Competition + - 0 Predation Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Interacting Examples I. Competition INTERFERENCE • Species A limits Species B’s access EXPLOITATION • A & B have equal access but differ in how fast or efficiently they exploit it • Aka: establishing a territory • Ex: invasive species II. Predation • The prey does not have to die! – Can eat all or part • Predation is not only about carnivores! • Can be GOOD for prey population because… drives natural selection! – Sick, weak, & aged die, leaving resources for the healthy Remember this???? • A trophic level is an organism’s feeding level. • What trophic level is the organism on your card? Can you make a food chain with all the cards at your table? • Draw the food chain in your book. • Remember what two things you always need! Everything’s connected! What happens if you spray a pesticide to kill the mosquitos? Owl Pellets • What are they? 1. Using forceps, probes, and toothpicks dissect the owl pellet. 2. Sort the bones onto the chart. 3. Draw a diagram of a food web (of at least 5 organisms) with the owl at the uppermost trophic level. Capturing Prey • Herbivores got it easy! – Special digestive adaptations • EX? • Carnivores must hunt! – Predator needs MOBILITY, SENSES, and ABILITY TO HANDLE prey • EX? Prey Escape & Defense • RUN!!! • Physical Defenses – Structure – Crypsis – Warning Coloration • Chemical Defenses • Deception – Looks – Behavior • Behavioral – Scare tactics • Loss & Regeneration Prey adaptation Synchlora larvae Wavy-lined Emerald Caterpillar III. Symbiosis • “Living together” in a long-lasting relationship 3 types Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism 1 species (PARASITE) gets nourishment by living on, in, or near another species (HOST) over an extended period of time – Endoparasites – Ectoparasites Rarely Lethal! Why would you kill a good thing? Mutualism • Both species benefit in various ways – Having pollen dispersed for reproduction – Being supplied with food – Receiving protection • Not as much cooperation as exploitation Commensalism • One species benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed • Clownfish & Sea Anemone – Protection – Feed on anemone’s leftovers
