Download Power Point Chapter 2

Chapter 2 - Ecology
Ecology = the study of how organisms interact
with one another and the non-living environment

Parts of the environment:
Biosphere - Portion of the earth that supports life.
http://stloe.most.go.th/html/lo_index/LOcanada1/102/images/L02_4.jpg
2 Types of Factors
1. Abiotic


anything in the
environment that is
non-living
Examples: air,
currents, temperature,
moisture, light,
chemicals, water…
2. Biotic
anything in the
environment that is
living

Examples:
animals, plants,
bacteria…

Habitat


Area where an organism lives ( “address”).
Example: the habitat of a polar bear is the icecovered arctic waters.
www.greenpeace.org/raw/image
Niche
A living thing’s particular role in the
environment (“occupation”).
 “What does it eat?” “Where does it eat?”

Example: polar bears are seal-eating
carnivores in the arctic.
 Note: no two species can occupy the same
niche!

Levels of Organization
Organism
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Organism

Organism
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Any individual thing that is living
Species

Organism
A group of organisms that can produce fertile
offspring
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=64220&rendTypeId
Population

A group of the same species in an area
Organism
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
www.hiltonpond.org/images/MonarchCluster01.jpg
Community

Organism
The collection of interacting populations in a
given area
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
www.thedailygreen.com/cm/thedailygreen/images/UG/monarch-butterfly-lg.jpg
Ecosystem

Organism

A community and its physical surroundings
Open vs. Closed
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
www.jaxshells.org/spi13.jpg
Ecosystem

Organism
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

A community and its physical surroundings
Open vs. Closed
Biosphere

Organism
The layer of the Earth that supports life (all
of the ecosystems on the planet).
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

Bacteria have been found 16,400 feet
below sea level and some birds are known
to fly over Mt. Everest (the highest point on
Earth)!
Warm-Ups 9/14
1. Which of the following factors are abiotic?
Water current
Temperature
Salinity (salt concentration)
Algae
Fish
Light
2. True or false? An organism’s niche is like its
“address.”
3. Many populations of species and their physical
surroundings are called a(n) __________.
Abstract hints: PREWRITING

1.
2.
3.
Make an outline! Then research information that
addresses the paper.
What is the issue? Learn about it.
What are the pros? (social, $, etc…)
What are the cons? (social, $, etc…)
Abstract hints: PREWRITING
Look for sources with specific information
 Don’t
go searching for a single source with all the
information you need
 Make an outline of what you need first, then go hunting.

Example: If you need info on the positive financial impact of
cloning, skim for sources that specifically discuss how much
money cloning companies can make.
Living Together


Symbiosis = a relationship in which there is a
close and permanent association among
organisms of different species.
Three different kinds of symbioses:
Mutualism = both species benefit from each other
Examples: Lichens = Fungi & Algae Ostrich & Gazelle
Commensalism = one species benefits and the other is not harmed.
Examples: Remora & Shark
Parasitism = one species benefits and the other is harmed (but not killed).
Examples: ticks, tapeworms, leeches
Mutualism
Ostrich and Gazelle
maratriangle.wildlifedirect.org/.../dscf4402.JPG
Mutualism
Lichen
Commensalism
Shark and Remora
bp.blogspot.com/.../s400/remora1.jpg
Commensalism
Eyebrow mites
Parasitism
You and a tick
http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/diaglab/hilites/hilt5_7.html
Other kinds of interrelationships:
 Inter-specific
populations
Competition = between two different
Example: an owl and an eagle both want a rodent

Intra-specific Competition = is among the same species
Example: two redwing blackbirds compete for
mates, territory and/or food
 Predation
= predator/hunter eats prey/hunted
Examples: a Venus fly trap eats insects or a Hawk
eats a rabbit
Interrelationships:
Warm-Ups 9/15
1. What are mutualism, commensalism and parasitism
all forms of?
2. True or false? Two bucks fighting over a doe is an
example of inter-specific competition?
3. What type of symbiotic relationship would include
moss growing on a tree?
Abstract hints: PREWRITING

Pick good sources
Books in library
 Articles found through SIRS (filtered for you)
 Websites ending in .edu, .org, .gov
 Avoid using the first result from a Google search, or
Wikipedia
 Interview people that work in the field related to your
topic

Abstract hints: PREWRITING

Keep track of sources while you are researching
Make note cards
 Keep a list
 Use your student folders, gaggle account, digital
locker…

ENERGY FLOW



What is the ultimate source of energy in all ecosystems?
SUN - …not considered a trophic (living) level
Feeding Levels
A) Producers (Autotrophs = “self-feeder”): Plants
How do they make own food supply?
 Light energy transformed to Chemical energy by photosynthesis.
B) Consumers (Heterotroph = “other-feeder”): Animals
1st order: eats producers
2nd order: eats 1st order consumer
3rd order: eats 2nd order consumer
TYPES OF CONSUMERS

Herbivore: eats only plants

Carnivore: eats only animals

Omnivore: eats both plants and animals

Saprovore: eats dead organisms (cleaners)
Scavengers: eat dead things (e.g. crows)
Decomposers: fungus/maggots/bacteria
FOOD CHAIN
A food chain = direct feeding links in the environment.
 A chain of organisms in which each link feeds on the
one ahead and is eaten by the one behind.
 Shows transfer of matter
and energy.

neuromanagement.files.wordpress.com/2009/
Trophic levels






Organisms in a food chain that represent a feeding
step in the passage of energy and materials through an
ecosystem.
Place the following organisms in their appropriate
trophic levels: Snake, Grass, Hawk, Mouse
1st trophic level = Producer 2nd trophic level = 1st Order Consumer 3rd trophic level = 2nd Order Consumer 4th trophic level = 3rd Order Consumer -
1st trophic level = Producer - GRASS
www.momgoesgreen.com/wp-content//grass.jpg
2nd trophic level = 1st Order Consumer
- MOUSE
http://www.australianfauna.com/images/pilligamouse.jpg
3rd trophic level =2nd Order Consumer
- SNAKE
www.lucis.me.uk/snake_1.jpg
4th trophic level = 3rd Order Consumer
- HAWK
www.thevillager.com/vil_92/hawk.gif
ENERGY


90 % of all the energy that passes from
one organism to another is lost through
heat/use
Therefore, only 10% is passed on after
the material is digested.
FOOD WEB =
All the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level
in the ecosystem (a tangle of many food chains). pg 53
Usually food webs are
based on a specific
community.
ridge.icu.ac.jp/.../ecosystem-jpgs/food-web.jpg
Thought o’ the day:

Imagine you are in a roped-off section
of the forest. All the producers,
herbivores, and consumers are put into
piles. Which do you think will be the
largest? Why?

Create a food web below using the
following organisms in an ecosystem:
bee, deer, beetle, squirrel, rabbit,
mouse, blackberries, snake, owl,
grass, bear, wolf, oak tree, sparrow.
Warm-Ups 9/16
1. What is the term for the interrelationships of
populations in an area?
2. What is the ultimate source of energy in all
ecosystems?
3. Animals are heterotrophs and plants are ________.
Abstract hints: PREWRITING

Check MANY sources!
Do multiple sources say the same thing?
 Skim a variety of articles/books/websites first, then go
diving deeper into specific sources

Warm-Ups 9/17
1. What do saprovores eat? What are the two types
of saprovores?
2. Which of the following organisms is a producer?
Grass
Sun
Nathan Lane
Mushroom
3. How much energy is lost by heat/use by each
trophic level?
4. What is ecology?