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Climate Chemistry Temperature, Precipitation, Radiation, Humidity, Wind Greenhouse gases, Ozone, Aerosols Heat Moisture Momentum CO2, CH4 N2O, VOCs Dust, Biomass burning Surface Fluxes Element cycles Microclimate Biogeochemistry Soil processes Stomata Canopy physiology Aerodynamics Water Minutes-to-hours Energy Biogeophysics Soil water, Snow pack Leaf area, Leaf nutrition, Soil carbon Life form Ecosystems Watersheds Days-to-months • Evapotranspiration • Interception • Infiltration • Runoff • Snowmelt Water Plants Physiology Phenology Element cycles • Nutrient uptake • Bud break • Litterfall • Leaf drop • Decomposition • Allocation • Mineralization • Soil chemistry Community composition Ecosystem structure Nutrient availability Vegetation Dynamics Years-to-centuries Plant Ecosystem demography processes Open site Old-growth forest Disturbance Fires Hurricanes Floods Land use Invasive species Figure 1.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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