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Semester 2
Biology I
Final Exam Review
Chapter 12: DNA & RNA
1. DNA
2. nucleotides
3. Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, &
nitrogen base
4. A, T, C, & G
5. T, G
6. Watson & Crick, double helix
7. TAGGCTATCG
8. Nucleus, cytoplasm
9. chromosomes
10. 46, 23
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
DNA replication
Genes
Transcription, nucleus
UGACGUCAUG
Amino acids
Translation
Transcription, translation
Messenger RNA, protein
mRNA, protein
mutation
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics
1. Genetics
2. Gregor Mendel
3. Fertilization
4. True-breeding
5. Trait
6. Hybrids
7. Genes
8. Alleles
9. Principle of Dominance
10. Dominant
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Recessive
Segregated/separated
Homozygous
R r
Heterozygous
R RR Rr
Phenotype
R Rr rr
Genotype
3 Round: 1 wrinkled
1 RR: 2Rr: 1rr
18. Genes
19. Incomplete dominance
20. codominance
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Multiple alleles
Polygenic
Living organisms
Mitosis, meiosis
Diploid, haploid
10
N
Meiosis
Crossing over
Mitosis
Meiosis
Linked genes
Chapter 14: The Human Genome
1. Karyotype
2. Male
3. 46
4. 46, 23
5. Diploid zygote
6. Autosomes
7. Sex chromosomes
8. XY, XX
9. Male
10. ½ or 50%, ½ or 50%
11. Mendel
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Pedigree
6
4
3
4
6
Multiple
Genotype
Blood Type (Phenotype)
IAIA or IAi
A
IBIB or IBi
B
IAIB
AB
ii
O
20. O, AB
21.
IA
IB IAIB
i
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
IAi
i
IBi
ii
1A: 1B: 1AB: 1O
Recessive
Sickle-cell anemia
Sex-linked
Males
Sex-linked
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Hemophilia
Nondisjunction
XXX
Male
DNA fingerprinting
Human genome
Gene therapy
Males, because they only need to
receive 1 recessive allele (XY), whereas
females need to receive 2 (XX)
Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Selective breeding
Hybridization
Inbreeding
Genetic engineering
Separate
Transgenic organisms
Clone
Dolly
Chapter 15: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
1. Evolution
2. Evolution
3. Charles Darwin
4. H.M.S. Beagle
5. Galapagos Islands
6. Fossils
7. Neck, shells, beaks
8. Natural selection
9. On the Origin of Species
10. Natural selection
11.
12.
13.
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15.
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17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Natural selection
Artificial selection
Struggle for existence, competition
Adapted
Fitness
Adaptation
Survival of the fittest
Species
Descent with Modification
Related
Common descent
Homologous structures
Chapter 17: The History of Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Paleontologists
Fossil
Evolved/changed
Fossil record
Extinct
99%
Sedimentary
8. D, A
9. A & B, D
10. Oldest, youngest
11. Index fossils
12. Half-life
13. Eras
14. Precambrian, Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, Cenozoic
15. Periods
16. Water
17. Cenozoic
18. Mesozoic, dinosaurs
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Oxygen
Respiration
Bacteria/prokaryotes
Mass extinction
Adaptive radiation
Convergent evolution
Coevolution
Gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium
Chapter 18: Classification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Taxonomy
Carlos Linnaeus
Binomial nomenclature
Genus, species
Homo sapiens
Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order 
Family  Genus  Species
Taxon
Order
Classes
Kingdom
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Cladogram
Mouse
5, 4
Hagfish
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists,
Eubacteria, Archaeabacteria
Domain
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
1, 3
3
Felis catus
Chapter 3: The Biosphere
1. Ecology
2. Organism  Population  Community
 Ecosystem  Biome  Biosphere
3. Species
4. Population
5. Community
6. Ecosystem
7. Biomes
8. Biosphere
9. Sunlight
10. Autotrophs/producers
11. Heterotrophs/consumers
12. Herbivores
13. Carnivores
14. Omnivores
15. Detritivores
16. Decomposers
17. Food Chain
18. Food Web
19. Trophic Level
20a.
b.
c.
d.
Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
10%
Biomass
Decreases
Recycled
Nutrients
Chapter 4: Ecosystems & Communities
1. Weather
2. Climate
3. Greenhouse
4. Polar, Temperate, & Tropical
5. Biotic
6. Abiotic
7. Habitat
8. Niche
9. Niche
10. Competition
11.
12.
13.
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15.
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18.
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20.
Resource
Predation
Predator, prey
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Succession
Primary
Pioneer
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Secondary
Climax community
Biome
Tropical rainforest
Desert
Tundra
Temperate/Deciduous forest
Plankton
Estuaries
Photic, aphotic
Chapter 6: Humans in the Biosphere
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Renewable resources
Nonrenewable resources
Sustainable use
Biodiversity
Species Diversity
Biodiversity
Whoops…not on study guide!!
Endangered Species
Extinction
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Increase
Invasive species
Conservation
Ozone layer
Ultra Violet (UV) Radiation
Cancer
Global Warming
Human Activity
THE END
STUDY, STUDY, STUDY!!
Finals are:
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Fri 4 & 5th
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nd
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Mon 1 , 2 , & 3
th
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Wed 6 & 7