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Biodiversity: Who cares? Which is more diverse? A B Which is more diverse? A B Which is more diverse? A B Which is more diverse? A B Which has more cultural diversity? A B Which has more biodiversity? A B Which has more biodiversity? A B What do you think biodiversity means? Biodiversity What does “Bio” mean? Bio = Biodiversity What does “Diversity” mean? Diversity = Variety Biodiversity is the variety of life in an area or on Earth Biodiversity • • Variety of living things, number of kinds Ecological diversity – • Species diversity – • different habitats, niches, species interactions different kinds of organisms, relationships among species Genetic diversity – different genes & combinations of genes within populations 12 Biodiversity How much biodiversity 1.7—2.0 million species Estimates to 100 million 16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 13 Essential Nutrient Cycles All life depends on essential nutrients that cycle between life and Earth. If there is a break in the cycle then life pays the price. Chemical Cycling Nutrient cycles involve a balance between both abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem The most essential nutrients that life depends on are: Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Threats to Biodiversity Things that mess up our delicate balance with Earth 1. 2. 3. 4. Habitat Loss Pollution Exploitation Global Climate Change 5. Invasive Species Habitat Loss Habitat destruction Logging Ranching Agriculture Houses Roads Exploitation Over hunting Over Fishing Over Using Pollution Pollution occurs in the air, on the land, and in the water. Biological Magnification Toxic substances become more concentrated at higher levels in the food chain. Ozone Depletion Pollution from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) released into the atmosphere destroys the ozone layer. Bioremediation Bioremediation: use of living organisms to detoxify polluted systems Invasive Species Non-native species that is brought into an area that takes over killing many things that live there. Global Climate Change Global Warming: warming of planet due to atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide. Example of the Greenhouse Effect The Sun’s energy passes through the car’s windshield. This energy (heat) is trapped inside the car and cannot pass back through the windshield, causing the inside of the car to warm up. Earth’s Atmospheric Gases Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2) Argon (Ar) Non>99% Greenhouse Gases Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Greenhouse <1% Gases Sun Runaway Greenhouse Effect • 97% carbon dioxide • 3% nitrogen • Water & sulfuric acid clouds • Temperature: 860°F Venus How Global Warming Works Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) How is global warming measured? Ice Core Data CO2 Measurements Before 1958 - Antarctica CO2 Atmospheric Measurements CO2 Measurements Since 1958 – Mauna Loa, Hawaii Global Warming Myths Just like with other things that involve responsibility and money...,any myths are created to deflect the blame Global Warming Has Stopped? NO IT HAS NOT! 1366.8 1366.6 0.6 0.4 1366.4 1366.2 1366.0 0.2 0.0 1365.8 1365.6 1365.4 1365.2 -0.2 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Solar Irradiance (W/m2) D Mean Temperature (°C) 0.8 Global Warming is Caused by Sunspots? NO IT DOES NOT CORRELATE! 250 D Mean Temperature (°C) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 150 0.0 100 -0.2 50 -0.4 -0.6 1880 1900 1920 1940 Year 1960 1980 2000 0 Sunspots 200 Global Warming is Caused by GCR? 1.0 4600 0.8 4400 4200 0.6 4000 0.4 3800 0.2 3600 0.0 3400 -0.2 3200 -0.4 1950 1960 1970 1980 Year 1990 2000 3000 2010 Gamma Cosmic Rays D Mean Temperature (°C) NO IT DOES NOT CORRELATE EITHER! Global Warming Primarily Impacts the Northern Hemisphere? FALSE! Global Warming Primarily Impacts the Land FALSE! Temperature Change (°C) Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean 1.0 0.8 0.6 Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Land Ocean 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 1920 1960 Year 2000 1920 1960 Year 2000 Global Warming is Due to Heat from the Cities? NOT TRUE! 2009 Temperature Changes Compared to 1951-1980 -4.1 -4 -2 -1 -.5 -.2 .2 .5 1 2 4 4.1 Carbon Dioxide Cause Global Climate Change CO2 (ppm) 420 Carbon Dioxide Levels CO2 (ppm) 370 320 Muana Loa Readings CO2 Levels Since 1958 370 350 330 310 40 30 20 10 0 270 220 Dome Concordia 170 600000 Vostok Ice Core 400000 200000 Time (YBP) 0 Carbon (109 metric tons) Volcanoes Put Out More CO2 Than Fossil Fuel Burning? NO THEY DO NOT! 10 8 6 4 2 0 Volcanoes Fossil Fuel Carbon Footprint Pounds of Carbon Dioxide • ___ tons CO2 X 2205 lbs/ton = ___lbs CO2 • ___ tons CO2 X 556200 L/ton = ___L CO2 • ___ tons CO2 X 770 lbs/ton = ___lbs Coal 500 lbs. of coal National Carbon Emissions • China • United States • India 6,538,367,000 5,838,381,000 1,612,362,000 Portage Glacier • Alaska 1914 2004 40 6 320 20 4 300 20 280 -20 0 260 -40 -2 240 -60 -4 CO2 (ppmv) Sea Level Relative Temperature CO CO Vs.Temperature Sea Level 2 2Vs. 220 -80 -6 -100 -8 200 -120 -10 180 500000 400000 300000 200000 Time (ybp) 100000 0 Rohling et al. 2009. Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the last five glacial cycles. Nature Geoscience 2:500. Billions of Metric Tons Carbon Goal: Reductions in 2007 CO2 Per Year of Metric Billions Carbon Tons Carbon Gigaton Our Goal 2007 Reductions in CO2 Per Year Produce electricity efficiently Use electricity efficiently Vehicle efficiency Solar and Wind Power Biofuels Carbon capture and storage What’s being done now to reduce our emissions? Wind Power Solar Power Fuel-Efficiency Simple Things To Do Turn off your computer or the TV when you’re not using it. Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy. Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or curtains. Turn off the lights when you leave a room. Use compact fluorescent bulbs. Be Bulb Smart—Use CFLs Incandescent What’s the difference? Compact Fluorescent 500 lbs. of coal •1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided •$30 saved Simple Things To Do Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning up the air conditioning. Or use a fan. Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning up the heat. Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on your AC and furnace clean. Walk short distances instead of asking for a ride in the car. Plant a tree. Recycle. Should we be concerned about biodiversity? What we know: The Earth is losing species at an alarming rate Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year. When species of plants and animals go extinct, many other species are affected. What do we get from biodiversity? Oxygen Food Clean Water Medicine Aesthetics Survival Protecting Biodiversity Biodiversity “hotspots” 16 June 2010 Protection of habitat Biodiversity.ppt 65 Conservation Biology A branch of biology that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity Preservations Rescue programs Resource conservation Reintroduction programs