Download Voyages of Discovery

European Exploration
 Indian Ocean
 Ming dynasty 1405-1433
 Continued to be a thriving trade route
 Muslims, Indians, Malays and others
 Europeans insert themselves
 Shift to global economy
Motives
 The search for resources (gold), new trade routes to
Asian Markets, and the desire to spread Christianity
 Wanted direct access
 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453
 Less friendly to European traders
Advances in Technology
 Acquisition of technology from China and the
Muslim world




Stem-post rudder
Triangular lateen sails
Magnetic compass
Astrolabe
Trading Post Empires
 Portugal
 Goal was to control lucrative trade
 By mid-1500s had 50 trading posts from West Africa to
East Asia
 Late 1500s power began to decline
 Could not sustain the large seaborne empire
 English and the Dutch
 Faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships
 Joint stock companies
Native Americans to 1600
"Big Picture" Statements:
 By 1600 Europeans had created the world’s first truly global
economy.
 The “age of discovery” resulted in the greatest human
catastrophe the world has ever known.
 Cultural differences between European and
Amerindians were immense; major conflict occurred in the 15th,
16th, and 17th centuries.
 Relations between the three major colonial powers and the
Amerindians were varied.
 Between 1607 and 1763, North American colonists developed
experience in, and the expectation of, self-government in the
political, religious, economic, and social aspects of their lives.
Columbian Exchange
Europe to the
Americas
Americas to
Africa, Asia,
and Europe
Wheat
Maize
Sugarcane
Potatoes
Cotton
Beans
Horses
Tomatoes
Cattle
Pepper
Pigs
Peanuts
Sheep
Avocadoes
Goats
Pineapples
Chickens
Tobacco
 Global Diffusion
 Spread of disease
 Smallpox
 Food crops and
animals
 Role and impact of
Silver
 Role and impact of
sugar
I.
Native Americans
(Amerindians)
A. Arrived more than 40,000 years ago via Berin Strait
(called Beringia when it was above land)
1.
Eventually spread to tip of South America (by 8,000
BCE)
B. New Research
1. Old Crow site in Yokon
2. 1992: suggests oldest inhabitants mayh have come
from south Asia or even Europe
C. Hundreds of tribes with different languages,
religions, and cultures
I.
Native Americans
(Amerindians)
C. Developed civilizations
1. Incas in Peru
2. Mesoamerica: Aztecs in Mexico; Mayans in Yucatan
a) Developed advanced agricultural techniques based
primarily on corn
3. North American Indians generally less developed
a) Some agriculture, probably developed by women
b) Most societies were matrilineal and matrilocal
a)
Few cared to acquire more property than could be carried
b)
No individual land ownership
I.
Native Americans
(Amerindians)
D. Civilized societies in North America
1. Pueblo Indians
2. Mound Builders
3. Atlantic seaboard tribes
a) Creeks
b) Choctaw and Cherokee
4. Iroquois
II.
A.
Exploration and settlement by
France, Holland, and Spain
The dynamics of European expansion
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Desire for spices, fabrics, gold (from Africa), etc. -- goods not
available in Europe
Desire to break Italian monopoly on trade with Europe
Fall of Constantinople in 1453 makes trade more difficult and
expensive
The Renaissance mindset
New aids to navigation/full-rigged ship with stern rudders that
can sail into the wind
National monarchs who see wealth and prestige in foreign
empires
Desire of Roman Catholic Church to convert natives to the
faith
Colonies fit into increasingly popular mercantilist economic
policies
II.
Exploration and settlement by
France, Holland, and Spain
B.
Portugal
1.
Prince Henry the Navigator
a)
Initially sought coastal points below Sahara Desert
b)
South all-water route to Asia
2.
Bartholomeu Dias; Vasco da Gama; Pietro Cabral; Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
C.
Spain
1.
Claims based on exploration/conquest
2.
Explorers: Columbus, Magellan, Poonce de Leon, Juan Cabrillo
a)
Cuba and other islands in the Caribbean
b)
Mexico, California, the American Southwest, Florida
c)
Claims along Mississippi overlap those of France
II.
C.
Exploration and settlement by
France, Holland, and Spain
Spain
3.
Conquistadores: Hernando de Soto, Hernando Cortés, Francisco
Pizarro, Coronado,
a)
Initial wealth from gold/silver
b)
“Black Legend”
4.
Saint Augustine
5.
Patterns of settlement
a)
Immigration to colonies controlled
b)
Colonial administration in the hands of Spanish-born governors
c)
Creoles (merchants, large landowners, and professionals) have
little power
d)
In many areas Indian labor force replaced by African slaves
II.
C.
Exploration and settlement by
France, Holland, and Spain
Spain
6.
Spain enforces mercantilist policies
7.
Intercontinental exchange of goods, disease, people
8.
Impact on native people
9.
a)
Destruction of long-established civilizations in the Americas
b)
Extermination (primarily by disease (Mexico's population goes
from 25 to 2 million))
c)
Exploitation through enslavement/forced labor and debt
peonage (encomienda)
d)
Conversion to Roman Catholicism
Spanish settlement in the Southwest
1.
Native Americans as forced labor
II.
D.
Exploration and settlement by
France, Holland, and Spain
France
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cartier, Champlain, La Salle establish claims to eastern Canada and the
Mississippi Valley
Claims of France overlap with those of England and Spain
Conversion of Indians to Roman Catholicism
Patterns of settlement in Canadian territories
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E.
Immigration to colonies controlled (Huguenots and other dissidents
excluded)
For the most part, French coexist peacefully with Indians
Initial wealth from fur trade
Population grows slowly (under 100,000 in 1763)
France enforces mercantilist policies
The Dutch
1.
Based on the exploration and claims of Henry Hudson, maintain a
colony in New York from 1624 to 1664
III. Factors encouraging English
settlement in North America
A. John Cabot/Henry Hudson give England claims along
east coast of North America, Hudson Bay area,
Newfoundland (claims conflict with those of France)
B. English set few restrictions on immigration to the New
World
C. Conditions in England that stimulate settlement in
American colonies
1.
2.
3.
4.
Civil War
Religious controversy
Glorious Revolution
Foreign Wars
III. Factors encouraging English
settlement in North America
D. Primary reasons for English immigration to
American colonies
1. Opportunities for economic gain
2. Escape from political persecution/turmoil
3. Desire for religious freedom by non-Anglicans
E. Mercantilist and political regulations fall prey to
policy of “salutary neglect”
1. Navigation Acts
2. Dominion of New England
IV. Patterns of English
settlement
A. New England
1.
Plymouth Colony, 1620
a) Separatists
b) Mayflower Compact
2.
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630
a) Puritans
b) John Winthrop’s “city upon a hill”
3.
Dissenters from Puritan theology establish new colonies
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Roger Williams establishes colony in Rhode Island
Anne Hutchinson
Settlement of Connecticut, 1631-1660
New Hampshire, 1638-1643
Maine annexed by Massachusetts, 1652
IV. Patterns of English
settlement
B. The Chesapeake region
1.
Jamestown, 1608
a) London Company/economic gain
b) Salvation from tobacco
c) Anglican Church
2. Maryland, 1632
a) Proprietary colony
•
Land grant to Lord Baltimore—expectation of profit by
proprietor
b) Haven for Roman Catholics
IV. Patterns of English
settlement
C. Middle Colonies
1.
New York/New Jersey/Delaware (taken from the
Dutch), 1664
2. Pennsylvania, 1681
a) Proprietary colony (land grant to William Penn)
b) Haven for Quakers
D. Restoration colonies (Carolinas), 1665
1. Proprietary colonies established by Charles II
2. Anglican Church
E. Georgia, 1732
V.
Relations between Europeans
and Amerindians
A. Religious differences
1.
Christian view:
a) Bible: did not mention Amerindians
2. Mesoamerica: Sacrificial temples, skull racks,
cannibalism and snake motifs
3. Sacrifice and the Eucharist
4. Amerindians had no concept of heaven; ancestors
B. Differences in War
1. Guerilla warfare vs. open battlefield
2. European weapons intensified warfare
V.
Relations between Europeans
and Amerindians
A. Population: mass death and genocide
B. European impact on culture
C. Jesuits
D. Diplomacy
1.
French and British with woodlands Indians
a) Decimation by diseases, gun warfare, and alcoholism
V.
Relations between Europeans
and Amerindians
D. Diplomacy
2. Spain and the Pueblo Indians
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Conversion and exploitation
Encomienda system
Mission system
Intermarriage
Pope’s Rebellion (1680)

f)
Amerindians rebelled against Spanish rule in New Mexico
and expelled them for over ten years
Economics: Horses and sheep
V.
D.
Relations between Europeans
and Amerindians
Diplomacy
2.
English Colonies
2.
Removal or extermination
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pilgrims
Puritans
2.
Pequot War (1630s)
3.
New England Confederation (1643)
4.
King Philip’s War (1670s)
Pennsylvania Quakers
Chesapeake
2.
John Smith
3.
Marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahantas
4.
Viginia Colonyh
5.
Anglo-Powhatan Wars
6.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Carolinas
English settlers in former French territory
VI. Major Concepts
 Native American Civilization
 Societies more highly developed in Meso-America and South America
 North American Indians were mostly semi-sedentary
 Important tribes: Pueblo; Mound builders; Creek and Cherokee;
Iroquois
 Impact of Contact
 Destruction of native population
 Introduction of cattle and horses
 Global empires, the rise of capitalism, revolution in diet
 Summary of relations
 Spanish: sought to Catholicize, control, and use natives for forced labor
 French: sought trade relations; Jesuits sought conversion
 English: sought removal and/or extermination