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The Age of Exploration Alberto Cantino’s World Map 1502 Causes of the Age of Exploration Two causes of interest in exploration Marco Polo’s Travels Goods from Asia Europeans wanted new trade routes Desire to trade directly and eliminate the middle man Development of England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Low Countries. Early Exploration Vikings – Eric the Red – Viking explorer who was first to explore Greenland in 982 and set up a colony there in 986. Leif Ericcson – Possibly the first European to explore America from 1000 to 1002. Vinland - Newfoundland Technology of Exploration Map making Compass Astrolabe – used the stars to plot a position. Caravel – ship with three masts and a triangular sail that could sail into the wind Guns and cannons Prince Henry the Navigator and Portugal Henry opened a school for navigation around 1420 because he wanted to spread Christianity and expand Portugal. Henry began sending out ships every year. Portugal opened trade with the “Gold Coast” (Ghana) of Africa. Portugal (continued) Portugal discovered Atlantic islands – the Cape Verde, Azores, and Madeira Islands. 1441 – the first African slaves are brought to Portugal. 1488 – Bartholmieu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa – Cape of Good Hope Christopher Columbus Spain united under Ferdinand and Isabella. Spain wanted to get in on the trade Portugal was getting and wanted a sea route to Asia. Columbus was certain the world was round, but greatly underestimated the size of the world. He convinced Queen Isabella that he could sail west to Asia. Christopher Columbus Columbus landed on one of the Bahamas Islands on October 12, 1492. Thinking he had reached the Indies, he called the natives Indians. He went on to explore the coastline of Cuba and other Caribbean Islands. Christopher Columbus In all, Columbus made four voyages to the Americas. At his death, Columbus felt that Asia was not far beyond the Americas. The Treaty of Tordesillas Both Spain and Portugal felt the other would claim their newly found territory. The pope drew a Line of Demarcation at 100 leagues (250 miles) west of the Azores to separate Spanish and Portuguese claims. When Portugal complained, The Treaty of Tordesillas moved the line 270 leagues further west, giving Portugal claim to Brazil. The Treaty of Tordesillas (continued) Other countries joined in the race to claim land in the New World. John Cabot explored the northeast coast of North America for England. Florentine Amerigo Vespucci explored the South American coast for Spain. (America is named after him.) Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal. Vasco da Gama Da Gama was the first European to sail around Africa and then to India. The goods he brought back sold for 60 times the cost of the trip, but 2/3 of his crew died of scurvy. Scurvy… God, Gold, and Glory One There were many reasons why people set out to explore the world, but the big three were God, gold and glory. of the big pushes was to spread Christianity, especially after the Protestant Reformation began. Priest and missionaries went with the conquistadors and explorers. God, Gold, and Glory Money was to be made in exploration. Captains of successful voyages became heroes at home. Many were driven by the promise of fame. BLING Spanish Conquistadors Hernan Cortes – conquered the Aztec with 550 men, guns, cannons, and the aid of the people the Aztec had conquered. Francisco Pizzaro – defeated the Inca in South America. Vasco de Balboa – crossed Panama was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in America. Spanish Conquistadors (continued) Ponce de Leon – explored Florida looking for the “Fountain of Youth.” Hernando de Soto – explored the U.S. southeast where we are Francisco de Coronado – explored the U.S. southwest. He was the first European to see the Grand Canyon. Ferdinand Magellan In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out from Seville, Spain to sail to Asia by going west. In 1520, he went through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean. While crossing the Pacific, food and water became scarce, but the ships finally found land, the Philippines (Magellan named them after Spanish King Philip). Ferdinand Magellan (continued) Magellan and some of his crew were killed fighting with the natives of the Philippines. In September 1522, one of the ships, Victoria, arrived back in Seville, the first ship to sail around the world. Only 18 out of 243 sailors survived. In Search of the Northwest Passage Many of the explorers of North America were looking for a Northwest Passage, a way through the continent to get to Asia. 1534 – Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River and claimed eastern North America for France. In Search of the Northwest Passage (continued) 1577-80 – Sir Francis Drake was looking for a western end of the Northwest Passage for England. When he failed to find one, he went west, sailing around the world robbing Spanish ships as he went. His voyage made a profit of 4,700%. Henry Hudson – Explored Hudson River and Hudson Bay for the Dutch (1609) and then was hired by the British (1620) but his crew mutinied. He was abandoned by the ship and never seen again. European Colonies Portugal – Brazil, west and east coasts of Africa, India, Indonesia (Spice Islands). Portugal was ruled by Spain from 1580 to 1640 and lost most of its possessions. Spain – The Philippines, most of South America, Mexico, California. European Colonies (continued) England - - - 1607 – Jamestown, Va. 1620 – Plymouth, Massachusetts. Claimed the area around the Hudson Bay 1600 – British East India Company set up to foster Asian trade. European Colonies (continued) France - 1608 – Samuel de Champlain built Quebec and then Montreal on the fur trade. - - 1673 – Fur trader Louis Joliet and Jesuit priest Jacques Marquette explored the upper Mississippi River. 1682 – Robert le Salle mapped the Mississippi to its mouth. - He claimed the whole river valley for France naming it Louisiana for French King Louis XIV. European Colonies (continued) The Netherlands – 1602 – the Dutch East India Company is formed. - - - While Portugal is ruled by Spain, the Dutch take over much of their empire. 1626 – The Dutch buy Manhattan Island for about $25. The Dutch build their colony, New Holland, around the city, New Amsterdam. The British seize the colony in 1664, renaming both colony and city New York. Effects of the Age of Exploration World Trade Increased New trade routes ended the Italian monopoly on Asian goods. London, Amsterdam, Bristol, and Antwerp develop as trade centers. From Asia – spices, gems, paper, ivory, porcelain, textiles, tea and coffee From the Americas – potatoes, tobacco, cocoa, corn, furs, codfish, timber, pitch, turpentine, sugar, molasses, rum, and indigo. From Africa – hardwoods, ivory, gold, ostrich feathers, and slaves. Effects of the Age of Exploration (continued) The Slave Trade Grew and Became Racist Before the discovery of America, slavery was not based on race, but a person captured in war, or one who could not pay their debts or taxes. After the slave trade grew, Europeans began viewing Africans as born to be slaves. Many used the Bible to justify this. Around 20 million people were taken from Africa and shipped to the Americas as slaves. ¼ of the people shipped on slave ships died during the voyage. Effects of the Age of Exploration (continued) New Business Practices Developed Merchants looked for new ways to protect, invest, and borrow money. Banking grew in the 16th century. Checks, bank notes, and bills of exchange came into widespread use. Merchants banded together and contributed to a common fund to protect against losses, the beginning of insurance companies. Effects of the Age of Exploration (continued) New Business Practices Developed (continued) Joint-stock companies develop. The British East India Company The Dutch East India Company Stock exchanges. Stocks were traded. Dividends paid. Effects of the Age of Exploration (continued) Modern Capitalism is Born Capitalism – the economic system where private companies, not the government owns the businesses. Profit motive. Capitalism developed first in businesses needing large amounts of money to operate. The coining of more money. Effects of the Age of Exploration (continued) Prices Rise in Europe Gold and silver poured into Spain from the New World. The availability of gold led to inflation, the increase of prices. Effects of the Age of Exploration (continued) European Countries Begin Following Mercantilist Policies The theory developed that a country would become rich and strong if it exported more than it imported. This is called mercantilism. Countries tried to achieve a favorable balance of trade. Colonies became important to mercantilist countries. Raw materials. Markets for goods. To control waterways and trade routes. Effects of the Age of Exploration (continued) A Revolution in World Ecology Ecology – the distribution of plant and animal life. The coffee bean, native to the Middle East, was brought to South America. From the Americas… Sweet potatoes – to Asia Potatoes, tobacco, and corn – to Europe To the Americas from Europe Grains - wheat, rye, oats, rice Animals – horse, donkey, mule, ox, pigs, goats, sheep, chickens Sugar cane – from Spain to the Caribbean.