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Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 2: The Age of Exploration (1350-1550) Source: http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/Intro.html 2.1 Europeans Set Sail Objectives: Explain how the Commercial Revolution and the Renaissance changed Europe. Analyze the reason why western Europeans sought a new sea route for trade with Africa and Asia. Evaluate the effects of early Portuguese exploration on Africans. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 2 I. The European Economy Grows © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 3 A. The Bubonic Plague 1. Arrived from Asia in the mid-1300s 2. Caused an epidemic called the Black Death that killed as many as 30 million people. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 4 Source: http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic428.htm B. A Changing Economy 1. The Commercial Revolution, a period of great change in the European economy, began in the 1200s. 2. Europeans became more aggressive about making a profit. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 6 B. A Changing Economy (con’t) 3. Merchants sought capital – money or property used to earn more money. 4. Merchants formed joint-stock companies, or businesses in which a group of people invest together and then share in the companies’ profits and losses. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 7 II. The Renaissance © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 8 A. Rebirth of the Arts 1. The Renaissance - a rebirth of the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome 2. Began in Italy in the 1300s and spread across Europe © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 9 B. The Arts 1. Supported by wealthy merchants called Patrons 2. Included artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 10 Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Source: http://www.leonardo.net/p17.jpg C. Technology 1. Printing press helped spread ideas throughout Europe. Invented by Gutenberg in 1455. 2. Astrolabe allowed navigators to learn a ship’s location by charting the position of the stars. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 12 The picture of the printing press is shown by arrangement with the Gutenberg Museum at Mainz in Germany (http://www.unimainz.de/UniInfo/Stadt/Mus een/gutenberg.html) This picture is of their faithful reproduction of Gutenberg's printshop as it would have been in the 1450s Source: http://www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/Renaissance/guildhall/printer/printingshop.html The Mariner's Astrolabe was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination (photo courtesy Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum Source: http://astrolabes.org/mariner.htm IV. The Portuguese Explore Africa © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 15 A. Technology 1. Prince Henry, known as the Navigator, aided Portuguese efforts. 2. Gathered sailors, mapmakers and shipbuilders, and improved navigational instruments © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 16 1394-1460 Source; http://www.mrdowling.com/610-henry.html A. Technology (con’t) 3. Portuguese designed the caravel, a small ship that moved quickly and handled well and could sail against the wind. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 18 The caravel was an improvement on older ships because it could sail very fast and also sail well into the wind (windward). Caravel planking on the hull replaced thinner, less effective planking. Caravels were broad-beamed ships that had 2 or 3 masts with square sails and a triangular sail (called a lanteen). They were up to about 65 feet long and could carry roughly 130 tons of cargo. Caravels were smaller and lighter than the later Spanish galleons (developed in the 1500's). Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/page/c/caravel.shtml B. Explorations 1. Bartolomeu Dias sailed southward along the African coast in 1487-88 and was the first to sail around Africa. 2. Portuguese traded for slaves in West Africa, which brought warfare to local kingdoms and broke up families. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 20 Source: http://www.blueisland.onlinehome.de/html/histoire/p_BDias.htm 2.2 Voyages to the Americas Objectives: Discuss Christopher Columbus’ goal. Identify what Columbus did during his explorations in the Americas. Describe Portugal’s reaction to news of Columbus’ discoveries. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 22 I. Columbus’ Bold Idea © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 23 A. The Plan 1. Christopher Columbus, a sailor from Genoa, Italy, wanted to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean to reach Asia. 2. The voyage was considered risky, because many believed that Asia was too distant. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 24 Source: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/ B. Spanish Involvement 1. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled Spain while it fought Muslims from the kingdom of Grenada. 2. Completed the Reconquista – the ongoing struggle to drive the Moors from Spain – in 1492 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 26 King Ferdinand V Queen Isabella I Source: http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508202_761577288_-1_1/Isabella_I.html Source: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575778/Ferdinand_V.html B. Spanish Involvement 3. Agreed to pay for Columbus’ expedition and promised him position of viceroy, or royal governor, of the lands he explored © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 28 II. Crossing the Ocean © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 29 II. Crossing the Ocean A. Columbus’ expedition departed Spain on August 3, 1492. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 30 II. Crossing the Ocean B. Sighted land on October 12, 1492 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 31 Map of Columbus’ 4 Expeditions Source : http://wilstar.net/holidays/columbus_map.htm III. Columbus’ First Explorations © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 33 III. Columbus’ First Explorations A. Landed in Bahamas but believed he had reached Japan © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 34 III. Columbus’ First Explorations B. Met Taino people; was not interested in their culture and was disappointed they had no gold © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 35 III. Columbus’ First Explorations C. Established the settlement on Hispaniola called La Navidad before returning to Spain in 1493 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 36 IV. Europe Learns of Columbus’ Voyage © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 37 A. Spanish Reactions 1. Columbus was made an admiral and governor. 2. Isabella wanted the Taino to convert, or change their religious beliefs to Christianity. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 38 B. European Responses 1. Pope created the Line of Demarcation, an imaginary boundary showing land that Spain could claim. 2. In 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which moved the Line of Demarcation 800 miles further west. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 39 Source: http://demo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/medieval/story/line_demarcation.htm Tordesil las Line 1494 Source: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1148.html V. Columbus’ Later Voyages © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 42 V. Columbus’ Later Voyages A. Returned in 1493 to discover La Navidad had been destroyed © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 43 V. Columbus’ Later Voyages B. Enslaved the Taino against Isabella’s wishes © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 44 V. Columbus’ Later Voyages C. Columbus made two more voyages and died in 1506. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 45 2.3 The Race for Trade Routes Objectives: Discuss the areas that Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvars Cabral explored and the results of their voyages for Portugal. Analyze the achievements of John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci. Evaluate the importance of Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 46 I. Portugal’s Great Discoveries © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 47 I. Portugal’s Great Discoveries A. Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to reach India in 1498. B. Pedro Álvars Cabral accidentally discovered Brazil, which he claimed for Portugal. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 48 1460-1524 Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/d/dagama.shtml Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/indexc.shtml II. Cabot and Vespucci Explore © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 51 A. English Exploration 1. The Italian Giovanni Caboto, known as John Cabot, worked for the English. 2. Sought a northern route to Asia, but instead discovered North America 3. Disappeared with his fleet on his second voyage © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 52 Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/indexc.shtml B. Mapping North America 1. Italian Amerigo Vespucci worked for Spain. 2. Sailed to South America in 1501 Amerigo Vespucci Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/indexv.shtml © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 54 B. Mapping North America (con’t) 3. German mapmaker Martin Waldseemüller labeled the continents across the Atlantic “America” in honor of Vespucci. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 55 III. Balboa Reaches the Pacific © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 56 A. The Explorer 1. Vasco Núñez de Balboa failed as a farmer in a Caribbean colony. 2. Took control of the settlement in Panama 3. Made alliances with local American Indians through force and trade. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 57 Source: http://coloquio.com/famosos/balboa.html B. The South Sea 1. Heard American Indian story of another sea 2. Led expedition across Panama and in 1513 reached the Pacific © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 59 Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/b/balboa.shtml B. The South Sea (con’t) 3. Tried to build a fleet to explore the area 4. Charged by his enemies with treason and executed in 1519 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 61 Source: http://www.czbrats.com/MiNombre/vnbalboa.htm Photo by Frank Stabler IV. Sailing Around the Globe © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 63 A. Ferdinand Magellan 1. Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sailor who went to work for Spain. 2. Believed in a sea passage through South America to Asia. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 64 Ferdinand Magellan Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan B. The Voyage 1. Set sail in September 1519 2. Discovered a strait – a narrow, winding sea passage – along coastal cliffs at southern tip of South America 3. This passage became known as Strait of Magellan © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 66 Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/m/magellan.shtml B. The Voyage 4. Magellan was killed in a battle in the present-day Philippines. 5. Remaining crew arrived in Spain in 1522, the first people to circumnavigate, or sail completely, around the world. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 68 2.4 The Opening of the Atlantic Objectives: Analyze the effects of new trade routes on Portugal and Spain. Evaluate how the Columbian Exchange affected Europeans and American Indians. Identify reasons why some countries were searching for a Northwest Passage. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 69 I. A Shift in Trade © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 70 I. A Shift in Trade A. New sea routes for trade made Spain and Portugal wealthy. B. Venice lost trade and declined in power. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 71 I. A Shift in Trade C. Countries including England, France, and the Netherlands sought sea routes for trade. D. Some Europeans saw resources in the Americas as a source of wealth. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 72 II. The Columbian Exchange © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 73 A. From the “Old World” to the “New World” 1. The transfer of plants and animals between the Americas and Africa, Asia and Europe is called the Columbian Exchange. 2. The Columbian Exchange dramatically changed the world. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 74 B. Plants and Animals 1. Plants from the Americas new to Europeans included corn, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco and cocoa. 2. Europeans brought horses, cattle, pigs, and European grains to the Americas. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 75 4.2 – Competing Claims in North America C. The English Settle at Jamestown Burley Tobacco – Franklin County, Kentucky Source: http://members.iglou.com/perkins/newkpf/2002_08/home3001.htm 4.2 – Competing Claims in North America C. The English Settle at Jamestown Burley Tobacco Flower – Franklin County, Kentucky Source: http://members.iglou.com/perkins/newkpf/2002_07/home1198.htm C. Diseases 1. Europeans unintentionally brought diseases such as measles, smallpox, and typhus to the Americas. 2. Large numbers of Indians became sick and died because they had no immunity to these new diseases. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 78 Man with Smallpox Source http://www.health-information.com/smallpox/pictures.asp Typhus Fever Transmitted by: Chiggers Louse Rat Fleas Source: http://www.the-travel-doctor.com/typhus.htm III. The Search for the Northwest Passage © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 81 III. The Search for the Northwest Passage A. Europeans hoped to discover a Northwest Passage, or sea route through North America to Asia. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 82 B. French Efforts 1. Giovanni da Verrazano explored the coast from present-day North Carolina to Maine. 2. Jacques Cartier made two trips to what is now Canada. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 83 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazano Source: http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/explor/carti_e1.html B. French Efforts (con’t) 3. Cartier and crew sailed up the St. Lawrence River all the way to present-day Montreal. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 86 Source: http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/explor/cart2_em.html B. French Efforts (con’t) 4. Samuel de Champlain visited the Great Lakes and in 1615 founded the colony of Quebec. Source: http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1600-00/Champlain.htm © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 88 Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/c/champlain.shtml C. Dutch Exploration 1. Hired English captain Henry Hudson to search for Northwest Passage 2. Hudson found a huge bay, later called Hudson Bay. 3. His crew rebelled and set Hudson and his followers adrift in a small boat. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 90 Source: http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/halfmoon/halfmoon.htm Source: www.newnetherland.org/images/ship7.jpg