Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Ancient Greek architecture wikipedia , lookup
Thebes, Greece wikipedia , lookup
Athenian democracy wikipedia , lookup
List of oracular statements from Delphi wikipedia , lookup
Greco-Persian Wars wikipedia , lookup
Corinthian War wikipedia , lookup
History of science in classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek warfare wikipedia , lookup
Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period The Classical Ideal Classical period (479-323 B.C.E.) Search for order and control – “Nothing too much” Value of human potential, capability Athens Exemplar of human achievement by 490 – 480 BCE – – – Athens destroyed by Persians (480 BCE) Persians attacked mainland, and Athens destroyed Persians defeated in battle of Marathon. An emissary ran 26.2 miles to tell the Greeks the Persians had arrived. Marathon – – Defeat of Persians (479 B.C.E. ). Athens not rebuilt at first. Plague at Athens. Democratic Government – Delian League – Headed by Athens, sparked by Persian Wars. Sparta included among other city states. – Ecclesia, boule, magistracies Peloponnesian War (431- 404 B.C.E.) – Athens against Sparta Pericles – example of statesperson. Rebuild Athens, patron of the arts. Great orator. Parthenon on the Acropolis – the hill over Athens. Parthenon – 92 metopes , Doric order, free-standing scultuptures. Other works in the Acropolis Peloponnesian Wars Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BCE) Consisted of warring city-states War. After the Persian Wars Athens had become even wealthier. Other city-states- mad at Athens. Thebes, Sparta and Corinth fought against Athens. Sparta won. Sparta set up the Tyrant rulers – reactionary merchant rulers. Athens recovered from war and from disease, reinstated democracy– 403 BCE. Socrates condemned to death in Athens (403). Considered too friendly with the Tyrants Socrates was thought of as a “sophist.” He denied it, but accepted his death. Famous trial Sophists – Philosophers with only encyclopedic knowledge, not deep knowledge, who got paid for their teachings, which could be superficial. Taught students the art of their special rhetoric, which involved “twisting” the truth, if necessary, in order to persuade. Pericles Drama Festivals of Dionysus Theater = religious ritual 3 Tragedies + Satyr Play – Plots – Actors and props – Function of Chorus – to tell the story, to say outloud the thoughts of the actors. Athenian Tragic Dramatists – Aeschylus – Sophocles – Euripides [Image 3.5] The ancient theater at Delphi Amphitheater at Delphi Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E. ) Optimistic philosophy / themes Orestia Trilogy (458 B.C.E. ) – Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides – Growth of civilization through reason and order Sophocles (496-406 B.C.E. ) Friend of Pericles Consequences of human error Most traditionally religious in theme Antigone, Oedipus the King Greek dramatist most represented today. Euripides (484-406 B.C.E. ) Realistic, rational – Social, political, religious injustice – Concern for psychological truth – Human being at its worst. Suppliant Women, Helen, Iphigenia in Taurus, Bacchae Aristophanes (450-385 B.C.E.) Athenian comic poet Political satire + fantasy – The Birds – Lysistrata The Fall of Athens Philip of Macedon (359 B.C.E. ) – Macedonian Empire League of Corinth Alexander the Great Philosophy in the Late Classical Period Socrates – Fate of the individual – Questioning traditional values – The Socratic problem Xenophon – Apology, Symposium, Memorabilia Philosophy in the Late Classical Period Plato – Disciple of Socrates • Apology, Crito, Phaedo – The Academy – The Allegory of the Cave – Political theory / ideal society • Theory of Forms • Inspired by chaos of 4th c. Greek politics Philosophy in the Late Classical Period Aristotle – Pupil of Plato – The Lyceum – Platonist vs. Aristotelian – Metaphysics, Physics, Rhetoric, Poetics – “Master of those who know.” Music in the Classical Period Popularity of instrumental music Doctrine of Ethos – Plato – Aristotle Pythagorean principals – Octaves, fourths, tetrachords, modes Rhythmic instrumentation Musical notation Fifth Century B.C.E.: Sculpture and Vase Painting Naturalism, realism – Myron’s Discus Thrower New standard of human beauty – Proportion, symmetry, balance – Polykleitos of Argos, The Canon Focus on individual – Emotional responses – Death and mourning Fifth Century B.C.E.: Architecture Temple of Zeus at Olympia – Post-Persian War (470-456 B.C.E.) – Proportion and interrelationships – Divine justice Fifth Century B.C.E.: Architecture The Acropolis Pericles’ building program – Delian League funds – Phidias (449 B.C.E.) Parthenon – Proportion, balance – Ideal beauty in realistic terms Erechtheum – Porch of the Maidens (caryatids) The Parthenon [Image 3.19] Porch of the Maidens •The Porch of the Maidens - Six Caryatids Architectural support •Contrapposto Obvious Group, Different The Greek Principle Of: Unity and Variety Drapery, almost appears wet! Erechtheion in The Acropolis Fourth Century B.C.E.: The Visual Arts Realism and emotion – Fate of the individual (Plato) Praxiteles – Female body = object of beauty Scopas – Emotion and intensity Lysippus – Portraiture, scale Apoxyomenos by Lysippos 330 BCE Mobility Contrapposto Proportion! No Archaic smile Free-standing Sanctuary of Athena Delphi The Hellenistic Period Begins with Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BCE Macedonia defeated the Greeks in 359 BCE Phillip II – father of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) Crushed Thebes and sold population into slavery – – – – – Syria, Egypt, Pergamum, Macedonia Alexandria in Egypt Failed to conquer present-day Pakistan, met by elephants Mix of Eastern and Western Culture Spread of Greek influence Artistic freedom vs. Classical order New patrons = new artistic roles Altar of Zeus at Pergamum – Laocoön Return to Classic principles Nike of Samothrace – 8’ Marble aka – Winged Victory-200 BCE The statue shows a mastery of form and movement which has impressed critics and artists since its discovery. It is particularly admired for its naturalism and for the fine rendering of the draped garments. It is considered one of the Louvre's greatest treasures, and it is today displayed in the most dramatic fashion, at the head of the sweeping Daru staircase. The loss of the head and arms, while regrettable in a sense, is held by many to enhance the statue's depiction of the supernatural. Laocoön Philosophy-Socrates-Plato-Aristotle Architectural Orders Mythology – Sirens, Muses Sculpture – From Kouros to Proportions Contrapposto Recording of History Logic Pythagoras – number theory, music Zeno – paradoxes – “hare and the tortoise” Music Rules – Music of the Spheres Democracy The Olympics Drama/Comedy Galen – the Father of Medicine Euclid – Creator of Geometry Philosophy-Socrates-Plato-Aristotle Eratosthenes – prime numbers Archimedes - “pi”